<p>The Roser Park Historic District is a USA historic district  located in St. Petersburg, Florida. The district is bounded by 5th and 9th Streets S, and 6th and 11th Avenues S. It contains 146 historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>Roser Park was developed in the early years of the 20th century by wealthy developer Charles Roser.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in Elryia, Ohio in 1864, Charles Martin Roser foresaw the opportunities that came with purchasing land in Florida during the land boom. He believed that this location would draw the northerners, who lived in very cold climates most of the year, to the warm and sunny climate of what is now Roser Park, FL. It is rumored by some residents that Charles Roser earned fame and fortune by inventing the Fig Newton cookie, selling his recipe and baking process to The National Biscuit Company (Nabisco). Nabisco has stated that they have no record of Charles Roser, and evidence strongly suggests the cookie originated in Newton Massachusetts, for which it is named.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, Roser and his wife, Ruth, came to St. Petersburg to establish himself as a developer of this land. His first projects in Florida included the Palm and Poinsettia Hotels, Mound Park Hospitals home for nurses, and Mercy Hospital for black residents. In 1911, he broke ground on the Roser Park development, originally purchasing land from C.D. Hammond, J.P. Lynch, and Alex Linn to get started. From there, he expanded the development from 60 to 80 lots, then began purchasing and renovating subdivisions in the surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>One of the last things that Charles Roser built before he died in 1937 was the Royal Palm Hotel in 1923, which was located on 5th St S in St. Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The historic home located at 682 ROSER PARK DR S, ST PETERSBURG, FL 33701 was named “House Beautiful” by Charles Roser. This home sits on top of the hill with a view of Booker Creek. Owned by Gary M Guthrie for 25 years, he hired Aaron Hunt and Rob Johnson of Avalon Group Real Estate Agents to sell this home which sold on March 29, 2019, to the buyer Christienne M Valone.</p><br>
<p>The DeFuniak Springs Historic District is a USA historic district  located in DeFuniak Springs, Florida. DeFuniak Springs, originally Lake DeFuniak, was named after Fred DeFuniak, the chief executive of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The district is bounded by Nelson and Park Avenues and 2nd and 12th Streets. It contains 172 historic buildings and 2 objects.</p><br>
<p>One such historic memorial is Floridas first stone memorial to the Confederacy. This memorial was first erected in Euchee Valley Presbyterian Church but currently resides on DeFuniak Springs courthouse lawn.</p><br>
<p>Other than the Confederacy, a huge part of the town&#39;s history includes railroads. When railroad operation began in 1882, DeFuniak Springs became a popular railroad stop, particularly for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. This brought a lot of new people to the area.</p><br>
<p>As a result of these new people coming to the area, another huge part, and perhaps the most important part, of the town&#39;s history began This was the rise of the Chautauqua. It is believed that the Chautauqua emerged because of the influence of the Lyceum Movement, the lack of educational quality in schools, and the rise of religion following the Civil War. After its formation, the Chautauqua spread all over the United States, including to DeFuniak Springs. The Florida Chautauqua continued from 1885 to 1922 and attracted thousands of visitors to the area. This eventually led to the building of the historic Chautauqua Hall of Brotherhood in 1909. This building originally included an auditorium that could seat up to 4,000 people, but the auditorium was destroyed by Hurricane Eloise in 1975. This building is located at 95 Circle Drive and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Other locations listed on the National Register of Historic Places include 132 Circle Drive, which is a family residence built in 1900 and owned by the prominent citizen and realtor R.E.L. McCaskill, 144 Circle Drive, which is St. Agathas Episcopal Church that was completed in 1896, and 150 Circle Drive, which is now the Parish House of St. Agathas Episcopal Church but originally was built in 1900 to serve as a boarding house during the Chautauqua Era.</p><br>
<p>The Punta Gorda Residential District is a USA historic district  located in Punta Gorda, Florida.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Twenty-two city blocks are included in the National Register District, which extends west from the city&#39;s commercial core and contains 125 mostly residential structures. The noteworthy era for the district was 1884 to 1930 with both wood-frame vernacular buildings and American Queen Anne style architecture, built during the mid-1880s through the late 1910s. Several structures are examples of the Florida land boom of the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Charley</h3><br>
<p>Hurricane Charley wreaked havoc on houses that had survived storms for a century. The area has since been rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Seminole Heights Residential District, known also as the Seminole Heights Historic District, is a USA and Local Historic District located in Tampa, Florida. The district is roughly bounded by Hanna Avenue to the north, Cherokee Avenue and I-275 to the east, Florida Avenue to the west, and Osborne Avenue to the south.</p><br>
<h2>National District</h2><br>
<p>Seminole Heights Residential District was designated a USA Historic District upon its inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 1993. The district encompasses 1,700 acre, and includes 325 buildings identified as contributing structures based on their historical and architectural significance to the district. Most of the buildings are private homes, but despite the "Residential" moniker, the district also includes public and community structures such as Seminole Heights United Methodist Church and Hillsborough High School. The later two are examples of Gothic Revival style, one of the architectural styles for which the district is recognized. Another style, which is represented in the neighborhood&#39;s numerous bungalows, is American Craftsman. All the contributing buildings in Seminole Heights Historic District date from the early 20th century, and the district is noted for historical significance from the period of 1912 - 1928.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is a part of the city&#39;s Old Seminole Heights neighborhood, one of three distinct neighborhoods within the greater Seminole Heights section of Tampa. Old Seminole Heights is home to two nationally recognized historic districts, of which Seminole Heights Residential District was the first. Hampton Terrace Historic District received its designation in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Local District</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its status at the national level, Seminole Heights Historic District was declared a Local Historic District by the City of Tampa Architectural Review Commission on March 16, 1995. It is one of four Local Historic Districts within the city, and the only one in Seminole Heights. Local district boundaries cover the same area defined by the national district, between Hanna and Osborne Avenues, and Florida and Cherokee Avenues/I-275. Unlike the rough pattern followed by the national district, the local boundaries are absolute, thus including a slightly larger area and approximately 26 additional historic buildings. The Local District adds a second area east of I-275 which is bounded north to south by Henry and Hillsborough Avenues, and by the properties on both sides of Miami Avenue in the east to Taliaferro Avenue in the west. Approximately 28 historic structures are included in this smaller addition.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Myers Downtown Commercial District is a USA historic district  located in Fort Myers, Florida. The district is bounded by Bay and Lee Streets, Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd and Monroe Street. It contains 69 historic buildings. The area is notable for being made up primarily of local shops.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Edison and Henry Ford both had summer homes off of McGregor Boulevard, which is located near the Downtown District. Tours of their estates are available.</p><br>
<p>ArcadeFtMyersFL.jpgArcade Theatre Building</p><br>
<p>The Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio is a historic house and design studio in Oak Park, Illinois, which was designed and owned by architect Frank Lloyd Wright. First built in 1889 and added to over the years, the home and studio is furnished with original Wright-designed furniture and textiles. It has been restored by the Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust to its appearance in 1909, the last year Wright lived there with his family. Here, Wright worked on his career and aesthetic in becoming one of the most influential architects of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, declared a National Historic Landmark four years later, and contributes to the Frank Lloyd Wright–Prairie School of Architecture Historic District containing a number of his projects and related work.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located in Oak Park, Illinois, Frank Lloyd Wright was 22 years old when he purchased the property and built the home in 1889 with a $5,000 loan from his employer Louis Sullivan. Wright had just married 18-year-old Catherine Tobin. The Wrights raised six children in the home.</p><br>
<p>The original 1889 structure was quite small. In 1895, the home was extensively remodeled, when among other changes the kitchen was enlarged and converted to a dining room, the upstairs nursery was expanded and converted for use as Wrights wife Catherine Lee "Kitty" Tobins dayroom, and the Childrens Playroom and a new kitchen were added to the back of the house. From 1890 to 1895 Wright and his wife had 4 of their altogether 6 children: Frank Lloyd Wright Jr.(1890), John Lloyd Wright (1892), Catherine Wright (1894), David Samuel Wright (1895) followed by Frances Wright Caroe (1898) and Robert Llwellyn Wright (1903).</p><br>
<p>In 1898, a second major addition was made, when the Studio and Connecting Corridor were built. After 1909, Wright converted the Studio into a residence for his wife and the younger children.</p><br>
<p>Later on, the Home and Studio became an apartment building. In the 1960s it fell into disrepair as the owners began to neglect the property due to financial problems. During this time they also made some parts of the property available for public tours. The longtime roofing company entrusted by Frank Lloyd Wright, Oak Park-based Tuscher Roofing, took control of the property. In 1974, the structure was handed over to the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the 13-year restoration began.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Home and Studio was declared a National Historic Landmark. It is owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and has been restored, maintained, and operated as a museum by The Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust. Every May, the Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust hosts a housewalk of the home and studio and various private homes.</p><br>
<p>Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s Home and Studio is located in one of three historic districts of Oak Park, Illinois. It is specifically found in the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District, which includes 27 Wright-designed structures as well as other historical and architecturally significant buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural principles</h2><br>
<p>In his first house Wright realized his ideal of an open living space: there is no door between hallway and living room. The family was supposed to live together, though in practice he rather withdrew to his drawing room. Technologically the house was cutting edge with electricity and telephone. The playroom was the most beautiful room; this has been interpreted that the architect gave his children what he was unable to give as a father or "at heart he was the 7th child of the family".</p><br>
<h2>Sculptures</h2><br>
<p>Most of the sculptures on the exterior of the Home and studio were designed by Wright&#39;s friend and collaborator, Richard Bock. These include the two boulder figures flanking the entrance of the studio, which features a man crouching and breaking free from the ground beneath him. Bock also designed the stork capitals on the exterior loggia of the studio. The capitals signifies the tree of life, the book of knowledge, an architectural scroll, and two storks full of wisdom and fertility.</p><br>
<p>Wright&#39;s home included many sculptures on the interior which added to and contrasted with the anti-Victorian decor. These objects include a frieze from the Pergamon Altar and several sizes of Winged Victory of Samothrace as well as a bust of Beethoven.</p><br>
<p>The McIntosh Historic District is a USA historic district  located in McIntosh, Florida. The district is bounded by the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad High Springs—Croom Line Right-of-Way, 10th Street, Avenues C and H. It contains 75 buildings. Contributing properties in the district include the McIntosh Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Though the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad abandoned the railroad line by 1982, both the passenger station and freight station still exist as contributing properties. USA Route 441 runs directly through the district one block east of 10th Street.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town Historic District was the second historic district in Huntsville, Alabama. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 18, 1978. Roughly bounded by Dement and Lincoln Sts., and Randolph and Walker Avenues, it features homes in a variety of styles including Victorian, Federal, Greek Revival, Queen Anne, American Craftsman, and even Prairie School with homes dating from the late 1820s through the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town Historic District had its beginnings in 1973, when local architect Harvie Jones suggested to home owners Charles E. and Frances J. Rice that they create another district to include the 19th century homes that remained outside of the Twickenham Historic District. The Rices accordingly began obtaining the necessary petitions and documents to gain first local, then state and finally national recognition for the Old Town Historic District. They were supported in their efforts by then Huntsville mayor Joe W. Davis, Madison County Commissioner Tilman Hill, and Alabama U. S. Senator John Sparkman. The Rices were later honored by the Alabama Historical Commission for their contributions to historic preservation, and in 2009 a small park in Old Town was named after them.</p><br>
<h2>Notable contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Temple B&#39;nai Sholom (Huntsville, Alabama)</p><br>
<p>The Five Points Historic District is a historic district in Huntsville, Alabama in the vicinity and east of the intersection of Holmes Avenue, Pratt Avenue, California Street, and Andrew Jackson Way. It features homes built around the turn of the 20th Century in several styles, including California Bungalow, Queen Anne and other modest Victorian styles dating from the late 1890s through the early 1900s. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Notable structures</h2><br>
<p>Vaught House &mdash; 701 Ward Ave., added to National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Hill Standpipe, which holds 1,750,000 USgal of water,</p><br>
<p>is a riveted wrought iron tank with a wood frame jacket located on Thomas Hill in Bangor, Maine, United States. The metal tank is 50 ft high and 75 ft in diameter. Built in 1897, it is an architecturally distinctive city landmark, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1897, it is the districts oldest standpipe and has been in use since its construction. Its purpose is the same today as when it was built; to help regulate Bangors water pressure in the downtown area and to provide water storage for emergencies. In 1895, it was discovered that the city pumping station contained faulty equipment, risking the possibility of a city water shortage.</p><br>
<p>Ashley B. Tower of Holyoke, Massachusetts, designed the structure and in 1897 the New Jersey Steel and Iron Co. assembled the 50 ft high and 75 ft diameter steel tank atop Thomas Hill. The land had been owned previously by brothers James and Charles Thomas.</p><br>
<p>The original specifications for the standpipe consisted of four single-sided legal pages, and, unusually, gave the architect the right to freely change the labor and material costs without voiding the contract.</p><br>
<p>The final construction cost was $295,109.36.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the exterior was painted dark gray with the pillars and lattice work painted white. During World War II, the standpipe was painted olive drab for camouflage purposes, because of its proximity to Dow Army Airfield, but it was repainted white in 1949. While once open to the public, it was closed during the war, following a 1940 accident in which a 12-year-old boy was killed when he fell while climbing on the beams under the stairway.</p><br>
<p>Bangor Water District assumed ownership of the standpipe in 1957 when a quasi-municipal (separate from the city) water district was formed.</p><br>
<p>Recently, a fire detection system and a "dry" sprinkler system which can be filled from an outside hydrant were added to protect the landmark structure.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The standpipe is really two structures in one. The standpipe itself consists of steel plates riveted one outside the other. The building which enclosed it is 85 ft in diameter and 110 ft high.</p><br>
<p>The 24 main posts which extend up past the observation deck begin at the base of the structure. Made of hard pine, they measure 12×12 inches and are 48 ft long. The entire structure has a stone foundation 9 ft high and 3½ feet thick at the base. The sill atop the foundation is made of bent pine planks and is 14 in thick.</p><br>
<p>Along the interior wall of the façade is a winding staircase which leads to the promenade deck encircling the top of the building. The deck is 12 ft wide and 280 ft in circumference.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is clad in wooden shingles, and the line of windows that illuminate the inside stairs are topped by hoods in the then-popular Shingle style of architecture. To erect the wooden part of the structure took 42,000 ft of hard pine and 22,000 cedar shingles. James M. Davis of Bangor, who had recently built the original Bangor Auditorium in only 22 days, set up a portable saw mill and blacksmith shop on the site and employed 22 men. The entire project took about six months to complete,</p><br>
<p>and was filled starting in June 1898.</p><br>
<p>The lights around the top of the Standpipe are sometimes referred to as "the crown on the Queen City".</p><br>
<h2>Tour Schedule</h2><br>
<h2>Landmark Status</h2><br>
<p>The standpipe is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1980, it was designated as an American Water Landmark by the American Water Works Association. It was designated as a Maine Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The standpipe is 225 ft above sea level. It is located northwest of downtown Bangor, atop Thomas Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Tallahassee Historic District Zones I And II is a USA historic district in Tallahassee, Florida. One zone runs along Calhoun Street between Georgia and Tennessee Streets; the other along East Park Avenue between Gadsden and Calhoun Streets. The district encompasses approximately 11 acre, and contains 17 buildings and 1 structure. On October 26, 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Parts of them are included in the Calhoun Street Historic District and the Park Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Church of Tappan in Tappan, Rockland County, New York  is a historic church. It is a contributing property to the Tappan Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Its first structure built 1716 (worshipers met in homes before this), was used in 1780 for the trial of British Major John André, who conspired with Benedict Arnold to buy the plans for the fortifications at West Point for the British and of Joshua Hett Smith, tried for and acquitted of treason.</p><br>
<p>The church was used in 1778 after the Baylor Massacre as a prison/hospital.</p><br>
<p>The current building on the site dates from 1835. The building is designed according to the Federal style and was inspired by the Cedar Street Presbyterian Church in Manhattan. It has box pews to help keep in warmth from little foot stoves brought by worshipers in winter.</p><br>
<p>In its cemetery are buried original settlers of county, early ministers of church, and American Revolutionary War soldiers. John Haring (1739–1809), a delegate for New York to the Continental Congress, is buried here. Some stones are inscribed in Dutch; there is a marker at this site.</p><br>
<p>The Whitfield Estates–Lantana Avenue Historic District is a USA historic district in Whitfield Estates, north of Sarasota, Florida. It includes 332 through 356 Lantana Avenue, comprising four intact houses and two garages built 1925–1926. On March 8, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The district was listed for being Whitfield Estates&#39; best surviving row illustrating the residential streetscape of the middle-class subdivisions that sprang up during the Florida land boom of the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>This district is part of the Whitfield Estates Subdivision Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Whitfield Estates–Broughton Street Historic District is a historic district in Sarasota, Florida, United States. It comprises 7207, 7211, 7215, 7219 and 7316 Broughton Street: five residences and three garages built in Mediterranean Revival style 1925–1929, including four early works by architect Ralph Twitchell. On October 29, 1993, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was listed for being the most intact concentration of early residences in the Whitfield Estates Subdivision, a major housing development established during the Florida land boom of the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Pío Pico State Historic Park is the site of El Ranchito, also known as the Pío Pico Adobe or Pío Pico Mansion, the final home of Pío Pico, the last governor of Alta California under Mexican rule and a pivotal figure in early California history. Located in Whittier, California, at 6003 Pioneer Blvd. near Whittier Blvd. and Interstate 605, it is California Historical Landmark No. 127, listed as "Casa de Governor Pío Pico". Just west of the park is the San Gabriel River. Across the river is the city that bears his name—Pico Rivera. The park consists of the adobe and about three acres of surrounding land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starting in 1848, after the Mexican–American War, Pío Pico began acquiring the 10,000 acre Rancho Paso de Bartolo, and built a home in 1853. The home was damaged by the flooding of 1867, which set the San Gabriel River to its present course, and was nearly destroyed in 1882 by flooding. The structure was completely redone into its current form, adding American-style elements into the traditional Californio design. In 1892, Pio Pico was evicted from the property by Bernard Cohn, an American lawyer. When taking what he thought was a loan from Cohn in 1883, Pico, who could not read or write English, had conveyed the deed for the property, and courts ruled with Cohn. Pico died a pauper two years later at his daughter&#39;s home.</p><br>
<p>By 1898 the City of Whittier began buying up parts of the property to construct a water pumping facility. In 1907, local Whittier citizens, led by Harriet Williams Russell Strong, were able to have the site made a historic monument. Strong, who had known Pico since 1867, purchased the property and had it restored in 1909. The property was conveyed to the State of California in 1917 and designated one of its first State Historic Parks in 1927. The State of California did further renovations in 1944. The Adobe was seriously damaged in the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, forcing closure. While funds were being raised for restoration, the additional damage was caused by the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Finally, in 1996 a Los Angeles County proposition earmarked US$2.5 million for the park&#39;s restoration. Restoration of the structure began in 2000 and the historic landscape in 2002, with the park re-opened on 20 September 2003.</p><br>
<p>At the re-opening ceremonies, the Battle of Rio San Gabriel, which occurred nearby during the Mexican–American War, was re-enacted.</p><br>
<h2>Proposed for closure</h2><br>
<p>Pio Pico State Historic Park was one of the 48 California state parks proposed for closure in January 2008 by California&#39;s Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as part of a deficit reduction program. None of the proposed closures occurred then, however, the park was again targeted along with some seventy state parks for closure in 2011 by Governor Jerry Brown. The Friends of Pio Pico and the City of Whittier together raised $80,000 to keep the park from closing.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Landmark</h2><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark Marker No. 127 at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>NO. 127 CASA DE GOVERNOR PÍO PICO - Following the Mexican War, Pío Pico, last Mexican governor, acquired 9,000-acre Rancho Paso de Bartolo and built here an adobe home that was destroyed by the floods of 1883-1884. His second adobe casa, now known as Pío Pico Mansion, represents a compromise between Mexican and American cultures. While living here the ex-Governor was active in the development of American California.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The historic park was featured by Huell Howser in California&#39;s Golden Parks Episode 127.</p><br>
<p>The original campus of Centenary College of Louisiana is located along College Street in Jackson, Louisiana. It is operated and preserved as a museum by the as the Centenary State Historic Site, offering educational interpretive programs and guided tours.</p><br>
<h2>The College of Louisiana 1825-1844</h2><br>
<p>In 1825, the Louisiana Legislature chartered four public colleges. One of these was the College of Louisiana at Jackson, a small town on the border of East and West Feliciana Parishes. Despite the tireless efforts of the trustees to maintain a college of the finest repute, in its 20-year history, the college only produced 24 graduates. Its main contributions to the future of the campus were the East and West Wing dormitories, two impressive brick barracks-style structures built between 1832 and 1837.</p><br>
<p>One of the key figures in the College of Louisiana was William King, who ran its preparatory school, Mathews Academy. When the college suffered from low enrollment, King agreed to combine the two schools, though doing so was not enough to save the college from sale two years later. King later became famous for his disdain of slavery and for founding the Elgin settlement in Ontario, a home for escaped slaves who had reached Canada via the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Centenary College of Louisiana 1845-1861</h2><br>
<p>Several institutions of higher learning sprouted in and around Jackson in the autumn of 1845, somewhat as a result of Centenary College of Louisiana&#39;s opening at that time. (Centenary College, a Methodist church-affiliated institution, was founded in Mississippi in 1839; then it relocated to Louisiana.)</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal women&#39;s academy, the Southern Institute for Young Ladies, opened the year before, under the direction of Rev. William B. Lacey—who had been a president of the College of Louisiana. The school continued in operation until 1860. The Feliciana Female Collegiate Institute opened in 1847, led by the Methodist Episcopal Rev. Benjamin Jones and his wife. It also continued until the outbreak of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The greatest event of the social calendar in antebellum Jackson was Centenarys annual commencement. The small town was pushed to its limits at that time, as dignitaries from across the state and region crowded its hotels and private homes for the occasion. More people than usual were in attendance for the 1856 commencement, as it included the ceremony of placing the cornerstone for the colleges new Centre Building.</p><br>
<p>Included in this building were all offices, classrooms, laboratories, debate halls, etc. The building also featured a 3,000-volume library, and an auditorium which seated between two and three thousand. When completed, the structure dwarfed the dormitories upon either side (pictured).</p><br>
<p>The completion of the Centre Building marked the high-water mark of Centenary&#39;s tenure in Jackson. However, it was fated to be short-lived. Less than three years after the building was completed, the college closed, the vast majority of its students having joined the Confederate Army. The last entry in the minutes of the board of trustees in 1861 reads "Students have all gone to War—College suspended, and God Help the Right!"</p><br>
<h2>Civil War period</h2><br>
<p>Although no longer a college, Centenary&#39;s campus was not altogether abandoned. The preparatory department continued for some time, and upon its closing the campus was transformed into a Confederate hospital. More than 500 Confederate soldiers — mostly from the Siege of Port Hudson — were treated at the Centenary hospital. Some eighty of those sent to Centenary died there; they were buried in a cemetery on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>After the fall of Port Hudson, Centenary was taken over by the Union Army, and used as a field hospital, supply depot, and recruiting post — primarily for the United States Colored Troops. A large contingent of Confederate States Army cavalry was sent to disrupt the recruiting practices, resulting in the largest battle to occur within the town limits of Jackson. The Confederates suffered minimal casualties, routed Union forces, and captured ammunition and other supplies. The Union Army suffered nearly one-third of its garrison detachment killed or wounded.</p><br>
<h2>Postwar struggle 1865-1908</h2><br>
<p>Centenary College of Louisiana reopened in the autumn of 1865, in a completely different world than the one that had forced its closing four years earlier. Many of those who had previously sent their sons to Centenary either could no longer afford to, or they no longer had sons to send.</p><br>
<p>Faced with these dire straits, the president of the college would often be away for months at a time. He would go door-to-door, soliciting financial support, or he&#39;d visit as many Methodist congregations as he could, "passing the hat," all to little avail.</p><br>
<p>The desperation reached the point of not being able to compensate the professors. The policy was, in short: if the college had the money, the professors would be paid. To make up for this deficiency, in the late 1890s five professors&#39; cottages were constructed. The sole extant cottage is one of the most visible features of the campus today.</p><br>
<p>Another move made during the 1890s to boost enrollment was the admittance of female students. Women were not originally given degrees or diplomas. They were given certificates of attendance, which, in essence, meant they were qualified to teach school. The first degree was conferred upon a female graduate in 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Epilogue</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, the prominent Methodist citizens of Shreveport, Louisiana, offered Centenary 17 acre, a brand new facility, and a sizeable monetary grant if they would relocate. Given the college&#39;s difficulty in procuring financial support where they were, and the several attractive opportunities Shreveport presented, it was not a matter of if they would move, but when. This turned out to be 1906, although the college was not there in its entirety until 1908.</p><br>
<p>After the college&#39;s departure, the campus sat unused for fifteen years. In the mid-1920s it was used as a tuberculosis hospital. But by 1935, the campus was in a state of extreme disrepair, and on the brink of condemnation. The three buildings had three different owners, two of whom chose to sell the rights for demolition. The East Wing and Centre Building were both demolished, and the salvageable materials from them were sold for scrap. There were many buildings constructed in that time in southeast Louisiana whose materials included those of the main academic building. The Old Centenary Inn—currently a bed and breakfast—in Jackson was built entirely from the remains of the East Wing dormitory.</p><br>
<p>The West Wing remained standing because its owners had come up with a way to make it far more lucrative than just knocking it down. From 1938 to 1965, the West Wing Dormitory was low-income housing. The campus itself was used as a trailer park. To this day, there are visible remnants of the residences that were here during that time.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the only use the campus saw was a baseball field, which happened to be on the site of the colleges baseball field more than 80 years earlier. In 1977, not long before it was to be demolished, the West Wing was saved due to the efforts of many influential citizens in and around Jackson. The State of Louisiana purchased and restored the West Wing, Professors Cottage, and surrounding 43 acre.</p><br>
<p>The 40 acre area comprising the West Wing and the Professor&#39;s Cottage was added as Centenary College to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Centenary State Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>Centenary State Historic Site is run by the. It is a rather young location among the state&#39;s parks, and there is much that can yet be done to make it more educationally profitable. It serves not only as a glimpse into the past of Centenary College of Louisiana but to early education in Louisiana, Civil War medicine, the founding of Jackson, and other topics of local and state history.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Square is one of the five original open-space parks planned by William Penn when he laid out the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1682. It is located in the Center City area, between North 6th and 7th streets, and between Race Street and the Vine Street Expressway .</p><br>
<p>Penn included this piece of green space in his original city plan as one of five squares, although the park was slow to develop because it was a marshy land. Originally, the park was a place for settlers to meditate and set a virtuous behavior to set a proper example. The park was supposed to be landscaped to have settlers understand the value of nature.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the park was abandoned and the surrounding area became known locally as the tenderloin with an entertainment district featuring taverns and bordellos, and became a place for individuals experiencing homelessness to sleep on the parks benches, resulting in its reputation as Philadelphias skid row.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Historic Philadelphia, Inc. renovated the park by adding commercials and houses to attract tourists, which in turn helped the park back to its originality. Franklin Square is restored to its original plan as William Penn wanted the park to be used.</p><br>
<p>Historic Philadelphia, a non-profit organization, now manages it.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Square was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Originally called North East Publick Square, Franklin Square was renamed in 1825 in honor of Benjamin Franklin, a Founding Father who represented colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania at the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The square was founded by William Penn, initially designed as a commercial center for settlers. Penn wanted settlers to have a space that was well-ordered to ensure they would set the proper example for fellow settlers. Penn wanted the space to set an example to promote social discipline. However, he did not have the proper warrant to have jurisdiction over the squares. When more settlers came to the land, the square was subject to neglect.</p><br>
<p>In 1741, Governor Thomas Penn leased the square to German Reformed Church.</p><br>
<p>The square initially was an open common used for grazing animals, and later for storing gunpowder during the Revolutionary War and drilling soldiers during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>From 1741 to 1835, a portion of the square was used as a cemetery by the German Reformed Church; some of the graves still remain, marked by a plaque. This plan was protested by Philadelphians who felt the cemetery was against William Penn&#39;s plan and wanted to ensure the square was used for nature purposes. Even though there were protests, the square was continually used for burial purposes.</p><br>
<p>During the 1820s, William Rush and Thomas Birch redesigned the park to depict nature by designing the park to be symmetrical to walkway and plant locations. This was to ensure the park would be orderly for tourists while also preserving Penn&#39;s vision for the park.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Franklin Square was at the center of a fashionable residential neighborhood; but beginning in the 1920s, a series of events corresponding with the rise of the automobile began the decline of the square and its surrounding neighborhood. The construction of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, from 1922 to 1926, leveled blocks of row homes, shops, and other structures; the Bridge begins at the squares eastern boundary, 6th Street. The steady flow of cars over the bridge made Franklin Squares northern boundary, Vine Street, into one of the citys busiest thoroughfares, effectively cutting off pedestrian access on two of the squares sides.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Square declined significantly in pedestrian use. The surrounding area declined in commercial use, furthering the accompanying decline of neighborhood or tourist use of Franklin Square. During the depression, the square became a place for homeless and unemployed. Although there were raids to prevent this, the park attracted people in the surrounding areas who lost everything when settlers migrated to other places. This led to the encampment of homeless and further eroding of Franklin Square as a public green space.</p><br>
<p>Although Franklin Square had been a popular place for tourists and residents, the square began to decline due to neglect from city government. The neighborhood&#39;s residential character was further eroded when the Federal government established Independence Mall. The government acquired private land around the square in the 1950s and 1960s and demolished blocks of homes and other buildings. The construction of the Vine Street Expressway in the late 1980s exacerbated the problem. The park was effectively abandoned because of broken lights, trees in disarray, and the eroded historic fountain.</p><br>
<p>The lack of pedestrians caused the square to be an encampment site for the homeless and a place for drug dealers. Teachers from surrounding areas had to clean up the playground so the kids could still play on the playground set. The park was severely neglected to the point where people could not recognize the park and no longer wanted to visit.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, author Jane Jacobs wrote in The Death and Life of Great American Cities that Franklin Square had become "the citys Skid Row park," a description that fit for decades. Franklin Square was the least-used of Penns original five squares and became encampment for the Philadelphia homeless.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>From 2003 to 2006, Historic Philadelphia, Inc., a non-profit company responsible for the Betsy Ross House and several other historical sites, refurbished the park in a $5.5 million project funded primarily by a grant from the state of Pennsylvania. Historic Philadelphia restored the fountain and cleaned up the park, aiming to bring the park back to that envisioned by William Penn.</p><br>
<p>The square was reopened and rededicated on July 31, 2006, in Franklins tercentenary year. The revitalized park contains a number of family-friendly attractions such as a golf course, an improved playground, a carousel, and gardens. The parks restoration helped fulfill one of William Penns original intentions: a green respite in the middle of the city. Recently, re-development activities surrounding Franklin Square have included new housing, commercial, and office spaces, including the redevelopment of the shuttered Metropolitan Hospital as a condominium project. As a result, pedestrian traffic has increased dramatically and residents and tourists alike are able to enjoy the parks attractions.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA) announced that it was commissioning a design plan for renovating, modernizing and reopening the PATCO Speedline&#39;s underground Franklin Square Station, closed since 1979.</p><br>
<p>As a result of ongoing capital projects scheduled to continue through 2016, PATCO stated in 2014, "We do not presently have the capacity or capital resources to evaluate the feasibility of reopening the Franklin Square Station."</p><br>
<p>As of 2020, the PATCO station stop is scheduled to reopen in 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Bolt of Lightning</h3><br>
<p>Local legend maintains that Franklin Square is where Benjamin Franklin conducted his famous, though misunderstood, "kite and key" experiment in 1752. However, it would have been unlikely for Franklin to fly a kite near a cemetery, and not all that far from possible observers from town. The legend is memorialized in Isamu Noguchi&#39;s Bolt of Lightning... A Memorial to Benjamin Franklin, a 101-foot tall, 60-ton stainless steel sculpture commissioned by the Fairmount Park Art Association and costing $850,000. It was erected in 1984 in Monument Plaza at the base of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, facing the square across 6th Street, a location personally chosen by Noguchi.</p><br>
<p>Noguchi had first proposed the sculpture in 1933, but the idea was rejected then as being too radical. The sculpture, which depicts a kite, a bolt of lightning and a key, is not universally admired. In 1984, the Philadelphia Inquirer said about it:</p><br>
<p>It shrinks in its plaza before the bridge, inaccessible to pedestrians and, for motorists, a sliver out-dazzled by a parade of billboards announcing the sizzle of Atlantic City. It is a crumpled, bent-can of a sculpture, in the end, a symbol more of the dispirited swatch of Vine Street it concludes; a propped-up monument to a city that, like Rodney Dangerfield, has had — and, with this piece of art, may continue to have — one tough time getting respect.</p><br>
<p>Columnist Larry Mendte called it "the ugliest piece of art in Philadelphia" and "a bizarre eyesore".</p><br>
<h3>Fountain</h3><br>
<p>The Franklin Square Fountain was built in 1838 and the source of the water is from Schuylkill River. The fence and stone work of the fountain are from the original layout. The fountain is thought to be the oldest surviving fountain in William Penn&#39;s five historic squares. The fountain was the most important piece during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, the park along with the fountain was abandoned and its water was turned off. Historic Philadelphia restored and preserved the historic fountain as part of its park renovation. Now tourists can enjoy the fountain being the centerpiece and the surrounding nature. The fountain is currently receiving a makeover that will add new water features and an LED light show to the fountain, and is expected to reopen in summer of 2019.</p><br>
<h3>Living Flame Memorial</h3><br>
<p>In 1976, the Living Flame memorial was erected to honor the city&#39;s fallen police officers and firefighters. The memorial is centered by Reginald E. Beauchamp. The memorial has a fund called Fallen Heroes Support Fund to support the fallen police officers and firefighters. In 2011, there was a competition to create a new design for the memorial.</p><br>
<h2>Happenings</h2><br>
<p>The Parx Liberty Carousel is located just northwest of the Fountain. Many of the carousels animals recall Philadelphias historical heritage.</p><br>
<p>Philly Mini Golf, located north of the Fountain, is the only miniature golf course in Center City. The holes are based on some of the citys best-known tourist spots, such as Elfreths Alley, the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, and the Liberty Bell.</p><br>
<p>Two playgrounds, one for younger children, and the other for older ones, are located in the park&#39;s southeast quadrant.</p><br>
<p>A food vendor, SquareBurger, is located near the Fountain.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Square has a tradition of hosting the Philadelphia Chinese Festival. The park will have 29 different handcrafted lanterns and this gives tourists the opportunity to explore Franklin Square.</p><br>
<p>The Pensacola Naval Air Station Historic District encompasses the early historic elements of Naval Air Station Pensacola in Warrington, Florida. Included in the historic district are surviving buildings of the Pensacola Navy Yard, which the air station took over, as well as buildings related to the early years of aviator training by the United States Navy. The district, roughly bounded by West Street, Saufley Avenue, and Pensacola Bay, was designated a USA National Historic Landmark District in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pensacola Naval Air Station Historic District is located at the southeastern corner of the modern Naval Air Station Pensacola. It covers 82 acre, roughly including the formerly walled portion of the Pensacola Navy Yard. The district includes buildings dating to the post-Civil War period of the navy yard, as well as early structures related to the training of naval aviators on seaplanes. The original navy yard commander&#39;s house is in the district, as are residential barracks, an 1865 chapel, and a variety of service buildings that have seen different uses throughout their history. When listed as a National Historic Landmark, there were 55 buildings in all.</p><br>
<p>Pensacola Navy Yard was established in the 1820s, not long after Florida became a territory of the United States. Most of its facilities were destroyed in 1862 by Confederate forces in the American Civil War, but Union forces soon began to rebuild it. The yard suffered major damage during a hurricane in 1906, after which there was another major building program. In 1913, Pensacola was chosen as the site of the Navy&#39;s formal training program for sea-based aviators, resulting in the construction of facilities specific to that use. Most significant among these are a series of seaplane hangars, located along the southernmost shore of the facility.</p><br>
<p>Historic district</p><br>
<p>The Harding Circle Historic District is a USA historic district  located in Sarasota, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The district is on St. Armand&#39;s Key, adjacent to Lido Key, and is centered on Harding Circle, in the middle of the key, around which is the retail area of the key.</p><br>
<p>The circle was named after Warren G. Harding US president at the time the roads were laid out by Owen Burns and John Ringling for their "Ringling Isles" development during the early 1920s. The streets on the key were named to follow the same presidential naming convention with a large boulevard running north to south called the Avenue of the Presidents.</p><br>
<p>Most of the land is dredged fill provided by Burns to enlarge the natural barrier islands that separate the Gulf of Mexico from Sarasota Bay to the west of downtown Sarasota. Once the new land was created for the development, Burns also built the original causeway leading to the islands from downtown. That causeway leads to and around the circle and to a bridge to the larger portion of Lido Key (another portion of which hooks back to the east and separates St. Armand&#39;s from Longboat Key, another barrier island to the north also connected to Lido Key by a bridge).</p><br>
<p>The Pensacola Historic District  is a USA historic district  located in Pensacola, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by Bayfront Parkway, Tarragona, Romana and Cevallos Streets. Within the district are the Historic Pensacola Village, the Pensacola Museum of History and Seville Square. Seville Square and its twin Plaza Ferdinand VII were the parade grounds for the Fort of Pensacola established during British rule. In 1559, a site to the northeast of the Pensacola Historic District on the Pensacola Bay is the earliest known European settlement on the North American continent.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<h3>Pensacola Heritage Foundation</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1960s, a group of local preservationists led by Pensacolian Mary Turner Rule (née Reed) formed the Pensacola Heritage Foundation, joined the National Trust and surveyed the Seville Square Historic District, the neighborhood around Seville Square adjacent to Pensacola Bay. Realizing the importance of Pensacolas history and the need to save it, Rule and the Heritage Foundation nominated the Pensacola Historic District to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The group purchased the Dorr House and restored it. They convinced the city to bring the deteriorated square to its present-day restored state. Then they created a festival, a hometown Victorian picnic in the park, An Evening in Old Seville Square, to bring Pensacolians to the district encouraging restoration. Rule had the famous lighthouse at the Navy Air Station listed on the National Register. She also helped create a state board now called the N.W. Florida Preservation Board, whose function is to protect the Seville Square Historic District and Pensacolas history. The city established the Architecture Review board to protect Pensacola&#39;s history locally.Florida House Bill 163, 1967 "Relating to creating the Pensacola Historical Restoration and Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<h3>UWF Historic Trust</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, the Pensacola Historical Preservation and Restoration Commission was founded to preserve the history of Pensacola, including its historic monuments and buildings, to educate the public. In 2001, the organization was repealed by the Florida legislature and its collections and buildings were transferred to the University of West Florida (UWF). In 2009, the Pensacola Heritage Society merged with the organization to become the West Florida Historic Preservation, renamed in 2013 to UWF Historic Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Pensacola Village</h2><br>
<p>Historic Pensacola (located within the Pensacola Historic District) is a collection of 28 historical buildings and museums managed by the University of West Florida&#39;s Historic Trust. Historic Pensacola is located in downtown Pensacola, Florida, situated between Plaza Ferdinand VII and Seville Square.</p><br>
<h3>Buildings and museums</h3><br>
<p>Pensacola Museum of History</p><br>
<p>Pensacola Children&#39;s Museum</p><br>
<p>Museum of Commerce: a reconstruction of a Pensacola, Florida street scene based on businesses that operated in Pensacola between 1880 and 1910. The Museum consists of twenty properties; some are interpretive history sites. They include stores for toys, leather goods, hardware and music, a print shop, a gas station, and a tram. The print shop contains one of the most complete collections of antique printing presses and type in the Southeast.</p><br>
<p>Museum of Industry</p><br>
<p>Voices of Pensacola Multicultural Center</p><br>
<p>Old Christ Church</p><br>
<p>Bowden Building: The lower floor houses classrooms used by the University of West Florida and some of Historic Pensacolas collections. The upper floor houses Historic Pensacolas administration offices.</p><br>
<p>Tivoli High House: Historic boarding house now used as a ticket office</p><br>
<p>Lavalle House</p><br>
<p>Lear-Rocheblave House: Historic home restored to a 1920s boarding house</p><br>
<p>Dorr House</p><br>
<p>Manuel Barrios Cottage</p><br>
<p>Julee Cottage: a historic home, formerly owned by Julee Panton, a free woman of color and other black families</p><br>
<p>Barkley House</p><br>
<p>John Appleyard Cottage</p><br>
<p>Fountain Park</p><br>
<p>Colonial Archaeological Trail</p><br>
<p>Pensacola Museum of Art</p><br>
<h3>Image gallery</h3><br>
<p>Old New-Gate Prison is a former prison and mine site on New-Gate Road in East Granby, Connecticut. It is now operated by the state of Connecticut as the Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine Archaeological Preserve. Previously closed for restoration since 2009, it was re-opened on July 14, 2018.</p><br>
<p>The site includes a colonial-era copper mine, which visitors are able to explore through a guided tour, and the remains of the state&#39;s first official prison, which was used between 1776 and 1782 to house prisoners of war from the American Revolutionary War. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>State records indicate that copper was discovered on the west side of Talcott Mountain, then part of Simsbury, in 1705. The construction of a mine began in 1707. The mine was created by digging a vertical shaft and tunneling horizontally, with additional vertical shafts dug for ventilation.</p><br>
<h3>The Woodbridge Company</h3><br>
<p>In 1709, three clergymen, John Woodbridge, Timothy Woodbridge, Jr., and Dudley Woodbridge, formed a company to extract the ore, refine it, and cast it into bars. They invited the people of Simsbury to participate in the venture. Sixty-four residents, in exchange for financial and or labor investments, became shareholders as a result.</p><br>
<p>Excavations were made on the summit of the hill and two perpendicular shafts, one nearly eighty feet deep and the other thirty-five, were dug through the rock to raise the ore. Caverns were carved out at the bottom of the shafts that extended several hundred feet in various directions.</p><br>
<p>The ore was developed amateurishly, broken out by hand, upgraded, and shipped to British consignees. As a result of the manner in which the ore was extracted profits were minimal. Twinned with this, British legislation at the time prohibited the ore from being smelted in America. Because they could not construct a furnace to extract the copper from the ore the entire mass had to be shipped to England resulting in large shipping costs. Within four years, the venture failed.</p><br>
<h3>Continuation of mining</h3><br>
<p>Interest in the mine did not disappear with the Woodbridge Company. In 1714, Jonathan Belcher, William Partridge, and one of the original company’s clergy, Timothy Woodbridge Jr, leased the area from the town and raised £10,000 to resurrect the mine.</p><br>
<p>Skilled miners were brought in to the mine in order to dig and extract the ore. The ore was then hauled fourteen miles to Hartford, shipped to New York City, then loaded onto ships bound for England where it was refined.</p><br>
<p>In order to combat the percolation of water into the mine drains were dug in order to draw it away. However this proved unsuccessful and pumps were required to be kept running throughout the day.</p><br>
<p>Alongside miners brought specifically to the mine, local workers and farmers from nearby Windsor were employed as labor. On top of this, African and Native American slaves, both imported and indigenous, were leased from masters and forced to work the mines.</p><br>
<p>The vein yielded three to five percent of pure copper, however it was not enough to offset the cost of running the mine. Speculators pulled out and eventually Belcher dissolved the venture.</p><br>
<p>Others would renew the lease, however profits continued to remain small. Cargoes shipped to Europe had slim returns. Over the years, two ships were lost, one taken by the French as a prize during war and the other sunk in the English Channel.</p><br>
<p>Some company owners defied the ban on smelting in America and constructed furnaces in order to pound, smelt, and refine the ore. This was done is secrecy, but it too proved a financial burden and was abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Role as a prison</h2><br>
<p>By 1773, the Connecticut General Assembly sought a central prison to house its convicts. The unsuccessful mine, with its labyrinth of caves and shafts, was explored as an option as an escape-proof institution in which isolated prisoners could be kept from society.</p><br>
<p>In May 1773, Colonel William Pitkin, Eratus Wolcott, and Captain Jonathan Humphrey visited the mines. They determined that by carving a 15 by 12 foot lodging room near the first shaft they had the makings of a formidable prison.</p><br>
<p>The colony purchased the remaining years of Captain James Holmes’s mining lease and set about constructing the necessary infrastructure needed to convert the mine into a satisfactory prison. A small blockhouse was constructed over the main shaft with ladder – the only entrance and exit from the mine. The lodging room was enlarged along with accommodations for the expected prisoners.</p><br>
<p>The General Assembly passed an act prescribing the terms of imprisonment: burglary, robbery, and counterfeiting for the first offense – not to exceed ten years, and the second offense was life. The keeper of the prison was authorized to punish the convicts for offenses by “moderate whipping, not exceeding ten stripes, and by putting shackles and fetters upon them.” It was intended that prisoners would be employed at labor.</p><br>
<p>The prison had only one point of entry and exit, a forty-foot ladder down into the mine from the guardhouse. Prisoners would be provided with musty straw to sleep on.</p><br>
<p>On December 2, 1773, representatives for the Colonial Legislature approached Captain John Viets, owner of a tavern nearby the mine, with an offer to be the prison keeper, which he accepted.</p><br>
<h3>The prison pre-war</h3><br>
<p>In December 1773 the prison received its first convict, John Hinson sentenced to 10 years for burglary. Hinson was a career criminal who had spent time in half a dozen county jails.</p><br>
<p>After eighteen days&#39; imprisonment, a snow storm struck. Around midnight, Viets went to check on his captive. Descending the ladder, he found Hinson’s bunk was empty and his few possessions were missing. It was later discovered that a female accomplice had braved the deep snow with a hundred-foot rope coiled around her shoulder. She lowered the rope down the eighty-foot well shaft, allowing Hinson to climb out.</p><br>
<p>In response, the General Assembly recommended a number of changes. Firstly, at least two guards were to watch the prison at night. The ventilating shaft in which Hinson had made his escape from was also to be covered with “stones about 15 to 18 inches square and of suitable length… secured with a strong iron gate, about six feet below the surface.” Further to this, it was decided that the prisoners were to be used as forced labor in order to extract ore.</p><br>
<p>In order to assist the convict workers, a number of expert miners were hired to work alongside them. However this had an adverse effect, with the hired miners becoming friendly with the convicts and willingly entering into their escape plans with them.</p><br>
<h3>American Revolutionary War</h3><br>
<p>The build-up of tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolutionary War, saw Loyalists persecuted and targeted by local Patriots. Loyalists were assaulted in the streets, tarred and feathered, and their homes were raided and damaged.</p><br>
<p>With the eruption of conflict following the Battle of Lexington and Concord, suspicion of those suspected of Loyalist sympathies grew even stronger. Those persons alleged to have joined the enemy, robbed, or plundered were not to be considered prisoners of war, but convicted before the superior court and either sentenced to death, whipped, or imprisoned. By not obtaining the status of prisoner or war, a loyalist could not be pardoned, exchanged, or released. Patriotic leaders sought means to remove the more vocal loyalists from society and saw the answer in the ready-made prison at Simsbury.</p><br>
<p>At first, the number of Loyalist prisoners remained low with only five or six being incarcerated in the prison, often for numerous offenses. However, this changed and upwards of thirty to forty loyalists at a time begun to be imprisoned purely for their sympathies to the Crown, often facing charges of life imprisonment within the caverns.</p><br>
<p>The treatment of loyalists in the prison was no different from that of other convicted criminals. With up to a hundred inmates being held at one time, air circulation in such a confined space was limited. There was no natural light, no opportunities for inmates to wash, and communal toilet facilities. Among inmates, the prison was often referred to as “Hell”.</p><br>
<p>Mining was abandoned and the need for punitive work expanded their hard labor to include making hand wrought nails. Prisoners were bound in iron chains and forced into the compulsory construction of nails from 4am to 4pm. Lashes were dished out as punishment for disobedience.</p><br>
<p>For particularly unruly inmates, the prison possessed a solitary confinement cell. Situated at an area near the end of one of the passageways, the cell was consisted of bare rock and was twenty feet square with no light. In the middle of the cell was a rock with an iron bolt affixed to it, allowing for a prisoner&#39;s legs to be chained to it.</p><br>
<p>The psychological fear of the prison was itself used in order to torment Loyalists. Colonel Abijah Willard was denounced as a traitor and marched by a crowd several miles in the direction of the prison. The fear of imprisonment at Simsbury was enough for him to sign the crowd’s oath and beg for forgiveness.</p><br>
<h4>Escapes</h4><br>
<p>In spring 1776, a number of prisoners attempted to escape the prison by burning a wooden door which sat over the exit shaft. Hay had been smuggled for weeks where it was deemed to be sufficiently combustible. Upon lighting the hay, however, the damp conditions underground caused only a smolder instead. The smoke was enough to result in the death of one prisoner.</p><br>
<p>Despite the increase of prison security, now numbering 27 soldiers armed with muskets and cutlasses, another escape attempt occurred on May 18, 1781. While two officers were raising the shaft’s gate, it was violently heaved upward and the men, armed with rocks and scraps of metal, scrambled up the ladder into the blockhouse. The guards were overpowered and disarmed in the ensuing brawl. The escapees then captured the night duty guards as well as those sleeping. All guards, regardless of their condition, were then transported down into the prison, before the prisoners fled from the scene.</p><br>
<p>On November 6, 1782, the wooden buildings of the prison were destroyed by fire, allowing for another escape of inmates to take place.</p><br>
<p>Of all the inmates held in captivity in the prison during the war, it is estimated that approximately half absconded and escaped in some capacity.</p><br>
<p>With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 bringing a conclusion to the conflict, the new United States government lost interest in using the mine as a federal prison.</p><br>
<h3>The prison post-war</h3><br>
<p>In 1790, the site became a state prison. Most of the above-ground facilities present today were built between then and 1802. These include the main prison wall, a new workshop for the convicts, and five brick-and-masonry buildings, all of which now stand in ruins.</p><br>
<p>From nail making, the prison industry branched out to include coopering (making and repairing wooden vessels such as barrels), blacksmithing, wagon and plow manufacture, shoe making, basket weaving and machining. All were incorporated into the prison workforce.</p><br>
<p>Several more buildings were constructed: a large kitchen, several small factories, a hospital, quarters for female convicts, and a thirty-foot treadmill that was operated by twenty two inmates climbing paddle blades to grind grain.</p><br>
<p>Though the improvements were many, the jail remained a miserable facility. Men were chained and forced to march the treadmill, an overseer standing by with his whip ready. In 1824, a four-story building was erected containing offices, a granary, mess hall, and additional cells for fifty prisoners. The focus became punishment along with employment in producing commercial products to help offset prison operating expenses.</p><br>
<p>In 1827, the prison was closed and the remaining prisoners were transferred to the new Wethersfield State Prison.</p><br>
<h2>Post-prison activity</h2><br>
<p>Attempts were made to reactivate the mines in the 1830s and 1850s, but these ventures failed and mining at the site was again abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The mine was purchased by private owners who, for a price, provided candles and guided tours of the old prison for curious visitors. The site has been considered a tourist attraction since the 1860s. Prison tours were still carried out and to attract more visitors, a variety of attractions were eventually introduced – caged bears, antique cars, and a World War I tank.</p><br>
<p>The mine complex was acquired by the state historic commission in 1968. In the 1970s the state repurposed the old guardhouse for use as a visitors&#39; center and interpretive museum, and took other steps to stabilize the ruins. Old New-Gate Prison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and was designated a National Historic Landmark two years later. They also constructed a sloping tunnel to provide visitors access via stairs to the mines. The museum and grounds was closed in 2009 for structural repairs, re-opening to the public on July 14, 2018.</p><br>
<p>The site is now owned and administered by the State of Connecticut as a museum. Nearby Peak Mountain offers a bird&#39;s eye view of Old New-Gate Prison from the Metacomet Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attraction</h2><br>
<p>Today, Old New-Gate Prison is open for visitors typically between the months of May and October with events usually being held the months of September and October. The site features a large wooden pillory (often referred to as stocks) outside of the buildings entrance, allowing those visiting the opportunity to take a memorable photo.</p><br>
<p>Visitors are able to explore the prison courtyard, or they can take a guided tour provided by museum staff. A guided tour of the underground copper mine is offered, taking visitors through the mine. The underground tour involves traversing as low as 75 feet below ground, and includes tunnels as short as 4 feet high. The Connecticut state website provides potential visitors with a description of the conditions and terrain to be expected (such as not being accessible to wheelchairs, strollers, or walkers and involves multiple sets of metal stairs leading down to the mine). A virtual tour of the underground mine is also available.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the book Drums Along the Mohawk, John Wolff escapes from the prison.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, an episode of Treasure Hunters sent the contestants to the prison.</p><br>
<p>The prison features in an episode of the podcast Ben Franklin’s World in which its history and use during the American Revolution is explored.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Miami Historic District is a USA historic district  located in the Central Business District of Downtown Miami, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The district is bounded by Miami Court, North Third Street, West Third Avenue, and South Second Street. It contains 60 historic buildings. A large portion the buildings in the historic district were built during the Florida land boom of the 1920s, when Miami experienced rapid population growth. Many of the older structures from before the 1920s, were smaller scale buildings and homes from the Miami pioneer era of the mid and late-19th century. Palm Cottage, built in 1897 is a home from the pioneer era that is still standing, however, few of these original homes remain.</p><br>
<p>Nela Park is the headquarters of GE Lighting, a Savant company, and is located in East Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Nela Park is the first industrial park in the world, and was the site of most of the lighting breakthroughs of the last century.</p><br>
<p>The institute was first organized by entrepreneurs Franklin Terry and Burton Tremaine of the National Electric Lamp Company. Development of the site was started in 1911 when the National Electric Lamp Association (NELA), formed by John Robert Crouse Sr, J.B. Crouse, and H.A. Tremaine in 1901, was dissolved and absorbed into General Electric. It was the first industrial park in the world, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The campus emulates a university setting, and the dominant architectural style is Georgian Revival. The 92 acre campus is home to GE&#39;s Lighting & Electrical Institute, which was founded in 1933. Each December, Nela Park features a world-famous Christmas lighting display, which culminates in a miniature version of the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C., designed by GE Lighting.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, the Chemical Corps had a research station at Nela.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>In March 2022, GE Lighting sold Nela Park to an affiliate of Phoenix Investors, a Milwaukee-based real estate firm.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Valley Presbyterian Church, also known as the Zena Church, in the community of Zena, is a Presbyterian congregation approximately 10 miles northwest of Salem, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>According to a commemorative plaque in front of the church, it was built in 1859 with volunteer labor. The lumber came by boat on the Willamette River to the community of Lincoln, while the bell came from England via Cape Horn.</p><br>
<p>Directly adjacent to the church is a small cemetery of approximately 100 headstones. Sunday church services and private weddings are still held at Spring Valley. Local families continue to bury their dead in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The is located 10 miles south of West Jefferson and 11 miles north of Boone, off Hwy 194, overlooking the South Fork of the New River, and on Railroad Grade Road, one of the most scenic bike routes in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Todd General Store is a contributing property in the Todd Historic District, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>According to Kirk Carrison of Preservation North Carolina, the Todd General Store is one of only five or six authentic general stores remaining in North Carolina. The Todd General Store is the oldest operating store in Ashe County and remains "the gathering place" for local residents where stories of days past are still swapped, relationships are built, and community spirit nourished.</p><br>
<p>Todd General Store suffered heavy damage from a fire that broke out on the evening of February 25, 2021.</p><br>
<h2>The Past</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1914, The Todd General Store (originally Cook Brothers General Store) was built by Walter and Monroe Cook in anticipation of the arrival of the Norfolk and Western "Virginia Creeper" railroad. Todd was the end of the line, the last of 13 stops for the train, which traveled from Abingdon, VA, to Todd&#39;s Elkland station twice a day.</p><br>
<p>Todd General Store carried a wide variety of general merchandise, clothing, shoes, hardware, food, feed, dried foraged herbs, and farm implements. Most of the items the store sold were brought in by train. It was one of nine stores that served a growing community that also included four doctors, a dentist, a Ford garage, a bank, grist mill, drug store, post office, train depot and four churches.</p><br>
<h3>W.G. Cook Store</h3><br>
<p>Walter bought out his brother&#39;s interest in 1917 and continued to operate the business as W.G. Cook Store. At that time most of the trade was conducted on the barter system, as money was scarce and almost non-existent in Todd prior to the arrival of the railroad. Ledgers were kept containing what was owed and what was traded. Customers would trade chickens, roots and herbs and other items of value for merchandise or receive "W.G. Cook" tokens that were only redeemable at this store. Many of the bartered items would then go to Virginia on the train.</p><br>
<p>The General Store was the center of the community and served all the shopping needs of the local residents. Customers would gather around the wood cookstove to swap stories and catch up on the town news. Most customers either rode horseback or walked. Only a select few could afford automobiles and the few roads that existed were full of potholes.</p><br>
<h3>The Lean Years</h3><br>
<p>The Norfolk & Western pulled up its tracks from Todd to West Jefferson between 1933 and 1936. This was also the time of the Great Depression and Todds businesses begun to close one by one. The W.G. Cook Store was the only store that survived through those lean years. Cook was the stores proprietor for 43 years before selling it to Kenny Goodman, who then changed the name to Goodman&#39;s Grocery.</p><br>
<h3>Goodmans Grocery</h3><br>
<p>Kenny Goodman ran a thriving general store business for some 20 years. During the last years of his tenure, he began to see the decline of the traditional general store. Automobiles became common place, new and better roads were built and chain grocery stores and department stores were constructed in Boone and West Jefferson. With this new accessibility to the outside world people began traveling to town to buy their goods. Mr. Goodman decided to sell the store that had been the center of trade for so many years.</p><br>
<h3>Three More Owners</h3><br>
<p>The store changed ownership four times during the next eight years. Goodman sold the store to Bob Peet who changed the name to the Todd General Store. Peet was unable to keep up with the changing demands and business declined. Peet sold it to Al and Carol Shelly who ran it for a couple of years before selling it to Dennis and Alice Dent, who operated it for another couple of years. During the proprietorship of these three owners, the stock was depleted as the decline of the rural country general store continued.</p><br>
<h3>The Morgans</h3><br>
<p>Joe and Sheila Morgan purchased the Todd General Store at the beginning of 1985 and operated the store for the next 17 years.</p><br>
<p>In the first few months, the Morgans undertook needed structural repairs to the building, constructed bathrooms, brought in running water, put in an extensive septic system, and built a parking lot. They searched for replacement fixtures and advertising memorabilia in an attempt to recapture the look of the General Store as it had been in its heyday. Advertising was done throughout the region to attract visitors to the store hoping that their visits would add an economic base to allow the business to remain open year-round to serve the local community&#39;s needs.</p><br>
<h3>The Mann&#39;s Store</h3><br>
<p>Robert and Virginia Mann purchased the store at the start of 2002 and provided more structural repairs and updated the stores arrangements, providing more seating for audiences of the stores many musical and cultural events, an internet station, and adding a new wooden deck to the back of the store. The store was closed in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>The Cook House</h2><br>
<p>The W.G. Cook house (built in 1916) served as the residence of the store owners until the Morgan purchase. In 1986, the house was converted to use as retail space offering antiques, crafts and collectibles. In 1994, the house was again converted into a rental residential property until December 2000.</p><br>
<h2>2021 Fire</h2><br>
<p>On the evening of February 25, 2021, Todd General Store was heavily damaged by a fire that occurred around 9:45 pm EST.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic church in Georgetown, Colorado. Built in 1870, it now overlooks Interstate 70. Grace Episcopal is still an active church in the Episcopal Diocese of Colorado. On August 14, 1973, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Episcopal congregation in Georgetown was organized by 1867, eight years after Georgetown was founded. Its members included transplants to Georgetown from England, Cornwall, Wales, and the Eastern United States. The Church building was designed by local resident D. H. Joy, and construction began on the structure in 1869. A strong wind blew the half-completed structure down in November of that year, delaying construction until 1870. The building was finally consecrated in 1872.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church reflects the wealth of Georgetown in the 1870s. The original pews, which are still in use today, are made of walnut. The pipe organ, constructed by C. Anderson in Denver, was purchased in 1877. Still in use, it is the oldest operational organ in the state. In 1882, a three-panel reredos was painted by Mrs. Anderson P. Stephens of Lawson, Colorado. The reredos still stands above the altar.</p><br>
<p>The church continued to draw a small congregation after the 1894 silver crash. At times it has shared priests with the Episcopal churches in Central City and Idaho Springs. Services are still held in the church every Sunday.</p><br>
<h2>Historic preservation</h2><br>
<p>Interest in preserving the church has been bolstered by the availability of funds which are taken by the State from gambling revenues in Central City and Black Hawk, for use in the preservation of historic buildings. The church received a State Historical Fund for exterior preservation in 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the church received a Stephen H. Hart Award from the Colorado Historical Society for their outstanding work in restoring the neighboring Snetzer Building.</p><br>
<p>The Wilson Building is a historic 8-story building in the Main Street district of downtown Dallas, Texas. The building was completed in 1904 and patterned after the Palais Garnier in Paris, France. The historic structure fronts Main Street on the south, Ervay Street on the east, and Elm Street on the north. The Wilson building was the tallest structure in Dallas from 1904–1909 and was considered the premier commercial structure west of the Mississippi. The Wilson Building is situated across from the flagship Neiman Marcus Building and is adjacent to the Mercantile National Bank Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built for John B. Wilson (1847–1920), who moved from Canada to Dallas with his brother Frederick P. Wilson, and together made their fortune in cattle during the 19th century. Designed by Sanguinet & Staats of Fort Worth, the plan of the building is E-shaped with rounded corners featuring intricate stone and brick work. The building contained 9 elevators: 2 for the department store and 7 for office tenants. Among its many luxuries, it was connected to a 1,500 ft deep artesian well and contained 2 telegraph offices.</p><br>
<p>The structure originally housed the Titche-Goettinger Department Store (later known as Titches) in the basement and first two levels; the upper levels housed offices accessed through a lobby on Main Street. Prior to the buildings opening, most of Dallas retail traffic was centered several blocks to the west. The success of the Wilson Building and Titche-Goettinger convinced Neiman Marcus to build their flagship store across Main Street and forever changed the city&#39;s retailing history.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>In 1911 a 12-story addition was completed along Elm Street, generally matching the style of the original building. This structure was used by Titche-Goettinger and was said to be the tallest building in the South occupied exclusively by a retail establishment.</p><br>
<p>Titche-Goettinger remained the largest tenant until 1929, when it moved to the larger Titche-Goettinger Building two blocks east. The Wilson buildings office space was renovated to provide accommodations for medical offices, an arcade was constructed to connect Elm Street and Main Street entrances. The W.A. Green department store moved into the tower space formerly occupied by Titche-Goettinger, while the H.L. Green Variety Store moved into the lower floors of the main building. When W.A. Green moved out in 1961, H.L. Green took over that space as well. The store became a fixture in downtown Dallas for several decades, and its lunch counter was the citys first to be integrated during the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>As the offices vacated for newer buildings the upper levels of the building became vacant and the outside was notoriously grimy, although the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In 1997 H.L. Green closed its doors after nearly 70 years of operating from the Wilson Building.</p><br>
<h3>Adaptive Reuse</h3><br>
<p>The building was owned by actress Pia Zadora for several years. The store&#39;s closure resulted in a redevelopment opportunity, and the City of Dallas acquired the building for $3.4 million (~$ in ) in 1999. Post Properties then leased the building from the city and converted the historic structure into 143 loft apartments, featuring hardwood floors and a rooftop sky terrace. The property was sold to Forest City Enterprises in 2008 to become part of the Mercantile Place on Main development, and residents share building amenities in the neighboring Mercantile Bank Building. Forest City followed through with their promise to spend "a little money" and deferred significant amounts of maintenance costs (which they passed to Brookfield Properties in 2018 when the property was again sold).</p><br>
<p>The Boulware Springs Water Works is a historic site in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located at 3400 Southeast 15th Street. On June 20, 1985, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is also the western terminus of the Gainesville-Hawthorne State Trail.</p><br>
<p>The spring was the site of an 1854 meeting where area citizens voted to create a new town (Gainesville) to replace Newnansville as the Alachua County seat. The spring was the source of city water until 1913 and was important in the city&#39;s growth.</p><br>
<p>The University of Florida moved from Lake City to Gainesville in 1901 because the city promised the university free water for life, from the Boulware Springs. The University of Florida still does not pay for water, even though the springs are no longer used in Gainesville&#39;s water system.</p><br>
<p>Epworth Hall is a historic building in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is notable as one of the oldest surviving buildings associated with the University of Florida, though it is no longer part of the university&#39;s campus. It was erected in 1884 and is located at 419 Northeast 1st Street in downtown Gainesville. Now part of the First United Methodist Church, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 25, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present building was erected in 1884, and replaced an earlier building destroyed by fire the previous year. It was built to serve as the Academic Building of the East Florida Seminary, one of the predecessor institutions of the University of Florida. Originally opened in 1853, the seminary relocated to Gainesville in 1866.</p><br>
<p>Epworth Hall had its four classrooms on the first floor, and offices, a library, and a study hall on the second floor. It served the East Florida Seminary for the remainder of the 19th century. In 1905 the Florida Legislature merged the seminary and three other institutions into the modern University of Florida, with Gainesville chosen as the location for the new institution. Beginning in the 1906 academic year the university&#39;s classes were held at Epworth Hall, while the buildings were being constructed on the new campus away from downtown. In 1911 the University of Florida completed its transition to the new campus, and deeded Epworth Hall to the First United Methodist Church, which still owns the property. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and renovated by the church the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Old Gainesville Depot  is a historic site at 203 Southeast Depot Avenue in Gainesville, Florida. It is located along the Gainesville-Hawthorne Trail State Park.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 22, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Part of the Depot was built around 1860 to serve the Florida Railroad, which reached Gainesville from Fernandina in 1859. It is one of only three surviving railroad depots in the state built prior to the start of the American Civil War. The depot was situated with tracks on both sides.</p><br>
<h3>Remodeling</h3><br>
<p>Between 1892 and 1897, the depot was remodeled to provide two passenger waiting rooms, with one for whites and one for blacks. A new passenger depot with segregated waiting rooms was built in 1910, and the old depot was moved and attached as a freight house to the passenger depot.</p><br>
<h3>Discontinuation</h3><br>
<p>Between 1932 and 1938, the Seaboard Air Line ceased running its passenger trains through the station, including a line that ran from Waldo to Tampa via the Gainesville station.</p><br>
<p>Depot operations were moved to a new building where East University Avenue crossed the rail line in January, 1948. By this point, Florida Motor Tours, and later, Greyhound Bus, were providing Jacksonville - Tampa replacement bus service at the station. After the railroad opened the new depot, the old depot building was used by Baird Hardware, Gator Ice and Voyles Appliance store.</p><br>
<h3>Acquisition and restoration</h3><br>
<p>The City of Gainesville acquired the depot building in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The depot has been restored, and painted in the same colors, and with the same style metal roof shingles, used in 1910. The freight scale in the depot has also been restored. The restored depot is part of the Depot Park developed by the City of Gainesville which opened in August 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Center, formerly known as Hotel Thomas and Sunkist Villa, is an historic building in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It was built starting in 1910 in the Classical Revival style by noted Atlanta-based architect, William Augustus Edwards, designer of academic buildings at 12 institutions in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida, including the original University of Florida campus, as well as a dozen or more county courthouses in those states plus other building and houses,</p><br>
<p>The building began as the private home of William Reuben Thomas, his wife Kathryn, and their five children, when it was known as Sunkist Villa. In 1928 Thomas more than doubled the size of the home and converted it to a hotel. On July 16, 1973, the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Center celebrated its 100th anniversary on February 12, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Thomas Center</h2><br>
<p>Today the Thomas Center serves as a local art and cultural center, and is the home for the Gainesville Cultural Affairs Division. The Thomas Center Galleries feature changing exhibits of art. The center also features 1920s period rooms, local history exhibits, a performance space, banquet rooms, and meeting rooms.</p><br>
<p>Gainesville Masonic Lodge No. 41 in Gainesville, Florida is a historic Masonic building, located at 215 North Main Street. It was constructed by Gainesville Masonic Lodge No. 41 in 1908. On May 29, 1998, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>In 1857, twelve years after Florida became a state, a group of eighteen Gainesville Masons petitioned for and obtained a charter from the Grand Lodge of Florida, which at that time maintained headquarters in Tallahassee. Conditions of that time were very different and crude compared to modern standards. However, the circumstances and mode of living of that period created the urge for Masonry in Gainesville.</p><br>
<h2>The First Century 1857-1957</h2><br>
<h3>Early Years: 1857-1876</h3><br>
<p>Not much is known about the first two decades of Gainesville 41. The official charter of the lodge was approved and issued on January 15, 1857. The first meeting of which there are any records was not held until April 15, 1857. The main concern of the first few meetings were to provide proper books and furniture for the young lodge. However, the lodge began to grow quickly by receiving four petitions for membership by the second meeting.</p><br>
<p>Not much is known about the lodge&#39;s activities during the Civil War and Reconstruction era, however the minutes of the Grand Lodge of Florida indicate that the lodge was represented in the Grand Communication and had paid its annual dues to the Grand Lodge of Florida.</p><br>
<h3>Growth: 1876-1908</h3><br>
<p>It was during this period that Gainesville Lodge No. 41 received petitions of membership from many quality Masons that became prominent members within the Fraternity. The most important being that of Marcus Endel, who after his entrance in 1875 went on to become Master of the lodge in 1878 and was twice re-elected to sit in that seat. In 1881 he went on to being elected the Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Florida and served in that office for 3 years until he was elected as Deputy Grand Master for 1892, and finally in 1893, he became the first member of this lodge to become the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Florida.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, a committee as appointed to make arrangements to erect a building on a vacant lot to be used as a picture gallery. The plans were that contributions were to be solicited from the members with repayment to be made from the rents collected, and after such payment had been made, the building was to become the property of the Lodge. This plan however ended when the lot was sold to the City of Gainesville on December 24, 1902. A new lot was purchased as a result from the Episcopal Church on the corner of North Main Street and NE 3rd Avenue. Acting on authority of the articles of incorporation, the Lodge authorized a sum of money for the purpose of erecting and furnishing a building. After much effort, enough funds were in hand to begin work on September 9, 1908. With R. T. Schaffer as Master of the Lodge (the man whom the second Masonic Lodge in Gainesville is named after), the cornerstone of this present building was laid.</p><br>
<p>By virtue of the principles of Masonry, this Lodge has also been greatly instrumental in laying the cornerstones of many buildings in this city, including but not limited to: East Florida Seminary (May 30, 1883), Gainesville Courthouse (January 14, 1885), Kavanaugh Memorial Church (December 6, 1886), First Baptist Church (April 1896), and University of Florida Auditorium (April 21, 1922).</p><br>
<h3>Age:1909-1957</h3><br>
<p>During the days of World War I much of the meetings were done short of time on authority of special dispensations given by the Grand Master. During the latter part of 1918, meetings were suspended for a period of two months by order of the health board on account of the epidemic of influenza.</p><br>
<p>On May 24, 1922, Florida Chapter of the Order of DeMolay was installed in this city and was sponsored by this Lodge.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, with Earl V. Simpson as Master of the Lodge, a ceremony was started which now holds great traditional sentiment in this lodge: The Past Masters Chain. During this ceremony, the Master of the Lodge hammers a link engraved with his initials and year as Master, into the chain of Past Masters. The chain currently holds 77 links and is hung behind the Masters chair.</p><br>
<h2>Laying of the Cornerstone</h2><br>
<p>The cornerstone for the Lodge as officially laid on the afternoon of Wednesday, September 9, 1908. The Gainesville Elevator, reporting on the occasion, stated that "the afternoon was virtually a holiday for the entire city…for the laying of the cornerstone in the new Masonic Temple on West Main Street, in the presence of every secret order, military organization, city officials, war veterans and a concourse of citizens so numerous as to fill the adjoining streets. The Masonic Grand Lodge was largely present and one of the important features of the occasion was a most beautiful and, of course, appropriate address by the Rev. W. J. Carpenter, formerly pastor of the Methodist Church in this city. The long procession formed on West Liberty Street (University Ave.) and the adjoining streets beginning at 3:30 p.m. took up the line of march along Liberty, across North side of the square. Led by the Gainesville Military Band with the company of Guards in full dress and equipment following, the long procession of societies and officials was an imposing sight, one not to be soon forgotten by those who filled the streets by hundreds and occupied every available place of observation around the Temple. Reaching the place where the to be beautiful Masonic Temple will soon stand as an object of enterprise on the part of the local Lodge and an honor to the city, the Grand Lodge officers took charge of the proceedings and with the impressive ceremony for such occasions proceeded to place the cornerstone of the building in position."</p><br>
<p>Items placed in the receptacle were reported as follows:</p><br>
<p>• One copy each of the 1908 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, Grand Chapter, and the Grand Commandery of Florida</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Gainesville Lodge No. 41 F.& A. M. 108 Members</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Gainesville Chapter No. 2 R. A. M. 95 Members</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Pilgrim Comandery No. 7 K. T. 79 Members</p><br>
<p>• By-laws of Center Lodge No. 11 I.O.O.F.</p><br>
<p>• By-laws of Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 20 K. of P.</p><br>
<p>• By-laws of Lodge No. 990 B.P.O.E.</p><br>
<p>• One dollar script (Florida) by J.I. Blake</p><br>
<p>• Several old coins by R.T. Schaffer</p><br>
<p>• One hundred dollars (Confederate) by Robert McClellan</p><br>
<p>• Copy of the Gainesville Daily Sun</p><br>
<p>• Copy of the Gainesville Elevator</p><br>
<p>• Photo of William Howard Taft by J.M. Dell</p><br>
<p>• Photo of the Baptist Church by Miss Sallie McClellan</p><br>
<p>• Roster of Lew Walace Post No. 25 G.A.R.</p><br>
<p>The Gainesville Elevator states further that these items "in years to come, will, if ever the stone be opened, prove very readable mementoes to the future generations of people who will be citizens of Gainesville when she becomes a city of fifty or a hundred thousand."</p><br>
<h2>Making a Mason at Sight</h2><br>
<p>On July 11, 1944, a regular petition for Degrees of Freemasonry was received from Dr. John J. Tigert, the President of the University of Florida. The petition took its regular course and on August 8, 1944, the ballot as spread and he was declared elected. After the announcement was made, Grand Master Warren S. Taylor, a member and Past Master of Gainesville Lodge No. 41, arrested the progress of the petitioner for the purpose of making him a Mason at sight. This was in keeping with Masonic law and the Grand Master&#39;s prerogatives after the candidate had stood the test of the ballot. It was intended that the ceremony be held at the 1945 Grand Lodge session, but because no Grand Communication could be held that year on account of war-time travel restrictions, it was postponed until a year later.</p><br>
<p>Because of the important position held by Dr. Tigert, Grand Master Taylor wished to confer the ceremony before a Grand Lodge assembly. However, after careful study, it was decided that such an event should be held in the Lodge in which the candidate had been regularly elected.</p><br>
<h2>Masonic Service Center</h2><br>
<p>During the troubled times of World War II, Gainesville Lodge No. 41 earned its own service stripe for meritorious duty. For 77 consecutive weeks this Lodge was used as a free dormitory and breakfast room for servicemen stationed in the surrounding area. To the best known facts, Gainesville Lodge as the only Masonic organization in the country offering a completely free service of this kind. With so many men stationed in nearby camps and coming into Gainesville for the weekends, local hotel facilities were taxed beyond their capacities. Sunday morning would find men sleeping on the courthouse lawn.</p><br>
<p>On the weekend of May 27, 1944, the dormitory opened with a registration of 45 men. This was only the beginning. As soon as the word spread, registration began mounting. A high of 276 men spending a Saturday night was reached. When the dormitory opened, Miss Mary Laura Johnson of Gainesville felt that Southern hospitality demanded something more than a bed for guests. She began by buying, preparing and serving breakfast to the men who had spent the previous night there. She was able to do this for a short time, but rapid increase in the number of guests soon made these Sunday breakfasts impossible both financially and physically for one person. Without any solicitation, contributions began to come in from local people who knew of the work she was doing. She was able to assemble a "kitchen crew" that served for the balance of the 77 weeks that the service center was in operation. The breakfast consisted of hot cakes, bacon or sausage and coffee.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Haile Homestead, also known as Haile Plantation House or Kanapaha, is a historic site and museum in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located at 8500 SW Archer Rd. SR 24. On May 2, 1986, the plantation house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.The Homestead is unique in the Nation for its "Talking Walls." For a reason lost to time the Haile family and friends wrote over 12,500 words on the walls, dating back to the 1850s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1854 Thomas Evans Haile, his wife, Esther "Serena" Chesnut Haile, moved from Camden, South Carolina to Alachua County, Florida. There they established a 1,500-acre Sea Island cotton plantation called Kanapaha, meaning "small thatched houses". The Hailes survived bankruptcy in 1868 and turned the property into a productive farm, growing a variety of fruits and vegetables, including oranges.</p><br>
<p>Evans Haile became the owner of the land but lived in town, and after 1900 the home sat vacant for decades.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Officially known as Historic Haile Homestead at Kanapaha Plantation, the house was built for Thomas Evans and Serena Chesnut Haile in 1856 as part of their original 1,500 acre cotton plantation. The Hailes brought with them from South Carolina fifty-six slaves who lived in small one-room frame houses for the slaves. Billy Watts was a skilled carpenter who supervised most of the homestead construction. Henry Gaines, a stonemason from the Stringfellow plantation, was responsible for building the fireplaces, chimneys and support piers on the plantation. Johnson Chestnut was a gifted carpenter and furniture maker.</p><br>
<p>Four-foot-tall piers of mortared limerock support a foundation of 100-foot-long beams. The house is constructed of pine with cypress siding.</p><br>
<p>The house is noted for its "Talking Walls" - over 12,500 writings on its walls by members of the family and friends dating back to the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s, the Haile family partnered with the Alachua Conservation Trust to restore the house. Projects include replacing the structure&#39;s current shake-shingle roof. The museum is open for tours on weekends: Saturdays, 10 am to 2 pm and Sundays, 12 pm to 4 pm. The Allen & Ethel Graham Visitors Center and Museum was opened in 2017 and provides additional background and exhibits about the Haile family and the enslaved laborers.</p><br>
<p>The Mary Phifer McKenzie House, now the Sweetwater Branch Inn Bed and Breakfast, is an historic house located at 617 East University Avenue in Gainesville, Florida. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed in about 1895 and is an irregularly massed two-and-a-half-story Queen Anne-style home.</p><br>
<p>It is known as one of the most elaborate Victorian buildings ever constructed in Gainesville. It has intricate Eastlake architecture details and a fanciful restored massing. It has three-story octagonal turrets on the west face, a wrap-around veranda, and octagonal gazebo.</p><br>
<p>The Sweetwater Inn includes two restored Victorian-era mansions (the McKenzie House and the Cushman-Colson House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Perry Colson purchased the home in 1903 and sold it to William Turner Pound, the first husband of Mary Phifer. In the 1920s Mary Phifer married Reid Hill McKenzie. She lived in the McKenzie house until she was 83 years old.</p><br>
<p>This property is now the location of five guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Holbrook family, the current owners and innkeepers, purchased the property, that had been neglected, in 1978. Giovanna and Juan Holbrook began restoring it. Giovanna Holbrook and her daughter Cornelia later purchased and restored the Cushman-Colson House in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Media coverage</h2><br>
<p>The inn was featured on the PBS television series, Inn Country USA.</p><br>
<p>The 1867 Matheson House is a historic building in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located at 528 Southeast 1st Avenue. It was the home of James Douglas Matheson and Augusta Florida Steele Matheson, the daughter of Florida pioneer Augustus Steele, who founded Hillsborough County and Cedar Key. James Douglas Matheson owned a dry goods store in downtown Gainesville and was active in local and state politics, as was his son, eight-term Gainesville mayor Chris Matheson, who was also a state legislator.</p><br>
<p>Chris&#39;s widow, Sarah Matheson, deeded the house to the Alachua County Historical Society, which later merged with the Matheson History Museum after it opened in 1994. Sarah Matheson lived in the house until her death in 1996. She was the first female elder at First Presbyterian Church in downtown Gainesville and was an early president of the Alachua County Historical Society and a co-founder and member of the original board of directors of the Matheson Histical Center (now the Matheson History Museum). The 1867 Matheson House is now part of the Matheson History Museum Complex, which recounts the history of Alachua County. On June 4, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The house is open by appointment only.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Matheson house was constructed in 1857 by the Matheson family from Camden, South Carolina. While it was unoccupied during the civil war, James Douglas Matheson moved into it 1867 with his wife, Augusta Florida Steele. Their son, Christopher Matheson, later inherited the house. Christopher&#39;s widow, Sarah Hamilton Matheson, would eventually deed the house to the Matheson Museum shortly before her death in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The House combines South Carolina plantation architecture on the first floor with Classic Revival raised cottage architecture on the later added second floor. The roof and interior stairway have gothic design elements, and the house possesses a gambrel roof uncommon to Florida.</p><br>
<p>The Maj. James B. Bailey House  is a historic home in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located at 1121 Northwest 6th Street. In 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Major James B. Bailey, early settler in the area, starting perhaps around 1848. Bailey, who owned a large area of land within Gainesville, seems likely to have been a force for the move of Alachua Countys seat from Newnansville to Gainesville. The homestead house "remains today as an excellent example of early plantation architecture and the home of one of Gainesvilles most important pioneers."</p><br>
<p>The house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<p>The John F. Seagle Building  is a historic building located at 408 West University Avenue in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States. Built in 1926, it was designed by noted University of Florida architect and professor Rudolph Weaver and built by G. Lloyd Preacher & Company.</p><br>
<p>On August 16, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Dixie Hotel, Hotel Kelley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Seagle Building had its origins in the 1920s economic boom, especially the Florida land boom of the 1920s. Conceived originally as the "Hotel Kelly," the project went bust before the last floor was poured. It sat unfinished for over a decade and was considered an eyesore. In the mid-1930s a Jacksonville entrepreneur, Georgia Seagle finally finished the building, with assistance from the University of Florida, the city of Gainesville, and federal funding. Seagle gave the building to the University of Florida and asked that it be named after her deceased brother, John F. Seagle.</p><br>
<p>The Seagle Building played a noteworthy, albeit secretive role in WW2, where electrical engineers from the University of Florida developed certain components of the technology behind the proximity fuse. The proximity fuse was one of the most important technological innovations of World War II, enabling the automatic detonation of an explosive device when in proximity of its target. This quote is from the March 1947 Florida Citizens Committee on Education, Tallahassee, Florida, a blue-ribbon commission about the future of education in Florida after WW2: “Research work in the College of Engineering is carried on through the Florida Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station which is an integral part of the college... The service of the Experiment Station to the war effort was noteworthy. Of particular interest was the development and construction of equipment for static direction finding and the development of the proximity fuse both of which played important parts in the winning of the war.”</p><br>
<p>During the late 1960s, there were floors in the Seagle Building that had nondescript office titles, and military personnel would meet visitors in the lobby. This was during the height of the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>The building served mostly the University of Florida in the years following its completion. Having difficulty meeting modern fire codes as time passed, the building lost most of its upper-floor tenants. By the late 1960s, the Florida State Museum was the building&#39;s only occupant. When that museum moved to the UF campus nearby, the building was completely abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Eventually sold to a development company from Kentucky for $1 with the understanding that the building was to be completely renovated, a newly remodeled Seagle Building reopened in 1983 with modern wiring, plumbing, telephone and cable jacks, a fire sprinkler system, an emergency diesel generator, an added internal concrete stairway providing two fire escapes for every floor, and many other improvements. The first six floors have been designated commercial space, comprising roughly 40,000 ft&sup2;. The remaining five floors are residential units, with four units per floor with the exception of the top floor, which is a single unit.</p><br>
<p>The Theodore Baird Residence, also known as Baird House, is a suburban house designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and located at 38 Shays Street in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. It is the only Wright design in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Usonian house was planned and built in 1940 for Amherst College English professor Theodore Baird. The Bairds became interested in Wrights work after reading his autobiography, and submitted a commission to him. Wright produced drawings based on the Bairds description of their lifestyle and a description of the lot. They were unable to locate contractors in the area who were able to do the work, so the construction work was done by Wright protégé William Wesley Peters. Part of the construction work was done at a factory in New Jersey, and moved to Amherst for final assembly. The house was the only Usonian for which the materials were prefabricated before being brought to the site.</p><br>
<p>It is a single-family house with brick, cypress wood and glass façades and a flat roof highly cantilevered over a carport. Heating is conveyed by pipes distributing hot water through the concrete floor. There are also three fireplaces, one in the master bedroom and another with a single chimney and two grates which is divided by a partition wall separating the living room and study. The building includes an in-law apartment for Bairds mother, which is located at the opposite end of the house from the Bairds quarters. Wrights design also included a dedicated space for the Bairds dog, including a dog run and doghouse.</p><br>
<p>The house is set back about 250 ft from the road. The property, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, also includes a 4 acre woodlot that extends behind the house and neighboring properties on Shays Street.</p><br>
<p>The President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home is a house located at 649 Union Avenue SE in Grand Rapids, Michigan that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Future President Gerald R. Ford lived in the house from 1921 through 1930, when he was between the age of 8 and 17. Of all his boyhood homes, Ford remembered this one most vividly in his autobiography.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house at 649 Union SE was built around 1910. In 1921, Gerald Rudolff Ford suffered financial setback, causing the bank to foreclose on the Fords home. The family began renting the house on Union Street, and continued renting in until 1925, when they purchased it. While living on Union Street, the younger Gerald Ford attended public schools, first at the Madison School, then South High School, where he participated in organized sports, including, most notably, football. Ford was an All-State center, and during his 1930 senior year, after the family had moved from the Union Street house to East Grand Rapids, was captain of the football team. While living in the house, Ford and his friends used the garage as a social club. Ford recalled, "we learned to play penny-ante poker... it was a great hideaway because my parents wouldnt climb the ladder to the second floor - or so I thought."</p><br>
<p>It is currently a private residence. In 2013 the house underwent an exterior paint restoration, using seven colors and taking more than 500 man-hours. The work was completed by Third Coast Color Painting Co. of Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Union Street house is a -story, Colonial Revival structure clad with weatherboarded. It is basically rectangular in plan, with a single-story porch running across the front and a single-story extension in the rear. The roof has side gables, with a single wide dormer on the front of the house. The windows are primarily double-hung, one over one units, save for the attic story, which contains tripartite windows with a fixed center sash and casement sash on either side.</p><br>
<p>The Neilson House is a historic house located on CR 234 in Windsor, Florida, United States. It is locally significant as a singularly fine example of a style of architecture which is exceptionally rare in Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Neilson House is a mortise-and-tenon system of wood-frame construction. Posts and beams are fairly thick in section) creating a rigid frame which requires little diagonal bracing. The house is somewhat irregular in plan particularly in its system of porches and verandas. The rooms, however, present an ordered interior space as they all lie off of a central hall running the entire depth of the house.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Church on the Hill is a historic church building at 169 Main Street in Lenox, Massachusetts. Built in 1805, it is one of a small number of surviving Federal period churches in the region. Its congregation, gathered in 1769, belongs to the United Church of Christ, and its offices are located at 55 Main Street. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and building history</h2><br>
<p>The church is located on a rise at the northern end of Lenox village, on the west side of Main Street. It stands on a parcel 6 acre in size that includes the town&#39;s first cemetery. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A gabled entry vestibule projects from the center of the main (south-facing) facade, with the entrance at its center, flanked by pilasters and topped by a gabled pediment. Above the entrance are a Palladian window and a dentillated gable. The building corners have fluted pilasters. A tower rises astride the main block and the vestibule projections, with a square clock-faced stage topped by an open octagonal belfry with paneled pilastered supports. Above the belfry is an octagonal paneled stage which is crowned by a cupola, finial, and cross.</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse was built in 1805 by architect and builder Benjamin D. Goodrich of Richmond, based on designs by Asher Benjamin and Charles Bulfinch. It was dedicated on January 1, 1806. Its total cost was $6,619.00 including furnishings. The building was erected on land near the town&#39;s first meetinghouse (built 1770), which it replaced.</p><br>
<p>The current pastor is the Rev. Elizabeth (Liz) R. Goodman.</p><br>
<p>A of the church, by American Impressionist Clark G Voorhees, is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.</p><br>
<h2>Ministers</h2><br>
<p>1770-1793 Rev. Samuel Munson</p><br>
<p>1795-1846 Rev. Samuel Shepard, D.D.</p><br>
<p>1846-1854 Rev. Henry Neill</p><br>
<p>1854-1859 Rev. Edmund K. Alden</p><br>
<p>1860-1865 Rev. Reuben S. Kendall</p><br>
<p>1872-1873 Rev. Samuel H. Tolman</p><br>
<p>1874-1880 Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst</p><br>
<p>1880-1889 Rev. R. DeWitt Mallary</p><br>
<p>1890-1898 Rev. Edward Day</p><br>
<p>1899-1904 Rev. Frederick Lynch</p><br>
<p>1904-1907 Rev. Clayton J. Potter</p><br>
<p>Lyon Village is a neighborhood and urban village in Arlington County, Virginia, along Langston Boulevard . It adjoins Arlington County&#39;s government center , and is approximately one mile west of Rosslyn and less than a mile north of Clarendon, of which it is sometimes considered a sub-neighborhood, as is Cherrydale, the mostly residential district immediately west of Lyon Village.</p><br>
<h2>Modern geography</h2><br>
<p>The Lyon Village Historic District encompasses 1,073 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure. The District as a "cohesive residential neighborhood in northern Arlington County, Virginia, located immediately north of the Clarendon Commercial District and roughly nestled between Wilson Boulevard to the south and Lee Highway to the north." Major thoroughfares provide access to commercial and employment centers in the surrounding county and nearby Washington, D.C. The 191 acre historic neighborhood extends east to North Veitch Street and westward to North Kirkwood Road, including forty-three acres more than the original 148 acres platted by Frank Lyon in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhoods commercial center presently includes a shopping center located at the confluence of Langston Boulevard, Spout Run Parkway and Interstate 66 (I-66). The area also includes a community house; a Veterans of Foreign Wars hall named for the developers son, John Lyon, who died in World War I lies immediately east of the neighborhood. Parts of the neighborhood are near the Clarendon and Court House stations of Metrorail&#39;s Orange Line.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>According to the Arlington County Library, Robert Cruit, an immigrant from Devon, England, purchased land in the Clarendon area in 1825 for a farm.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1923, his heirs sold the land to developer Frank Lyon, who subdivided it into tracts for residential development, including the eponymous Lyon Village. Most of the single-family homes in the neighborhood were constructed in the 1920s and 1930s. The Civil War Fort Strong which once protected Washington DC is now long gone, replaced by multi-story apartment buildings overlooking Interstate 66. There have been a growing number of teardowns (as of 2016).</p><br>
<p>The first portion of the neighborhood to be platted as Lyon Village by Frank Lyon in 1923 was landscaped with tree-lined streets, traffic circles, and an intricate system of curvilinear roads that complemented the less-than-one-acre housing lots. Aurora Heights and portions of Clarendon now fall within the current boundaries of Lyon Village and contain residential buildings constructed prior to Lyon&#39;s purchase of the Cruit property. Lyon Village was further enlarged by the platting of adjacent blocks with a more grid-like street pattern from the 1930s to the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Lyon Village is defined by a variety of 20th-century architectural styles and building types ranging from early-20th-century high style to vernacular interpretations of the elaborate styles traditionally erected decades earlier. Primarily, the domestic buildings in Lyon Village range from the 1880s to infill housing of the late 1990s. Building forms and styles extend from the imposing brick Colonial Revival-style dwelling to the smaller bungalow.</p><br>
<p>Architectural styles presented in Lyon Village were often diluted, illustrating modest examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Craftsman, Tudor Revival, Classical Revival and Spanish Mission Revival styles. The community is primarily made up of single-family dwellings, supported along the borders by multiple-family apartment buildings, a landscaped park and community building, churches, and commercial buildings, which are not included in the historic district. Many of the properties include freestanding or attached garages and sheds. The buildings, particularly the single-family dwellings, are buffered from the public streets by sidewalks and grassy medians.</p><br>
<p>Oheka Castle, also known as the Otto Kahn Estate, is a hotel located on the North Shore  of Long Island, in West Hills, New York, a hamlet in the town of Huntington. It was the country home of investment financier and philanthropist Otto Hermann Kahn and his family.</p><br>
<p>The name "Oheka" is an acronym using the first several letters of each part of its creator&#39;s name, Otto Hermann Kahn, which Kahn also used to name his yacht Oheka II and his oceanfront Villa Oheka in Palm Beach, Florida. The mansion, built by Kahn between 1914 and 1919, is the largest private home in New York, and the third largest in the United States, comprising 127 rooms and over 109,000 ft2, as originally configured. It is said to be built on the highest point on Long Island.</p><br>
<p>The castle is now a hotel with 32 guest rooms and suites. It is a popular wedding venue for socialites, celebrities and dignitaries, as well as the backdrop to many photo shoots, television series and films. It also offers a bar, restaurant, and mansion tours of the estate and gardens.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Oheka was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Kahn built Oheka in response to Jews being forbidden entry to clubs and golf courses in Morristown, New Jersey, and because Cedar Court, a previous country home of Kahn&#39;s, was virtually destroyed by fire in 1905. He was determined to build a fireproof building, so he had his architects, Delano and Aldrich, design it in steel and concrete, making it one of the first totally fireproof residential buildings. Two years were spent building an artificial hill on which to place the home, giving it views of Cold Spring Hills and Cold Spring Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Kahn commissioned the Olmsted Brothers to design the estate&#39;s grounds, centered on a formal axial sunken garden in the French manner, of clipped greens and gravel in parterres and water terraces, screened by high clipped hedging from the entrance drive that runs parallel to the main axis. Other features of the 443 acre complex included an 18-hole golf course designed by golf architect Seth Raynor, one of the largest private greenhouse complexes in America, tennis courts, an indoor swimming pool, a landing strip, orchards, and stables.</p><br>
<p>Several years after Kahns death in 1934, the estate was sold. After the sale, it was used for several purposes, including as a retreat for New York City sanitation workers. In 1948, Eastern Military Academy purchased the castle and 23 acre of its property, bulldozed the gardens and subdivided the rooms. The school occupied the house until it closed in 1979. For the next four years, the building remained empty, during which time over 100 documented arson attempts occurred, all of which the building survived, demonstrating Kahns success in building a fireproof building. In 1946 the golf course and stables became part of the Cold Spring Country Club, and the greenhouse complex operated as Otto Keil Florist. Much of the remainder of the property was developed into single-family homes.</p><br>
<h3>Melius ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 1984, Oheka was purchased by Gary Melius, a Long Island developer. Melius undertook the largest private residential renovation project in the United States to restore the house, which was in a state of almost total disrepair, and recreate the gardens from the original Olmsted plans. In 1988, unable to continue financing the massive project, Melius sold the property to Japanese businessman Hideki Yokoi for $22.5 million. Ten years later, following a lawsuit, the building passed to one of Yokoi&#39;s daughters and her husband. They were unable to sustain the property themselves, so Melius reacquired it under a long-term lease and later re-purchased the estate, operating it as a weddings and events venue, luxury hotel and conference center.</p><br>
<p>Celebrities who have been married there include Curtis Martin, Kevin Jonas, Megyn Kelly, Joey Fatone, Brian McKnight, former USA congressman Anthony Weiner, and comedian Yannis Pappas.</p><br>
<p>On February 24, 2014, Melius survived a gunshot to the head by a masked gunman in the parking lot of the castle.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Oheka served as partial inspiration for Gatsbys estate in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby.</p><br>
<p>In Dream World, his collection of songs, poems and stories, composer and musicologist Roger Lee Hall wrote about his years attending Eastern Military Academy at Oheka Castle in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>In the 1941 film Citizen Kane, photographs of Oheka were used to portray the fictional Xanadu.</p><br>
<p>It served as the mansion "Shadow Pond" in the television show Royal Pains, which ran from 2009 to 2016.</p><br>
<p>R&B singer Brandy&#39;s 1995 music video "Brokenhearted", directed by Hype Williams and featuring Wanya Morris, was filmed inside the castle.</p><br>
<p>The science fiction novel Time for Patriots has a very thinly disguised military academy in a similarly disguised version of Oheka.</p><br>
<p>Oheka was the set of the fictional Avalon Castle in the 2010 soap opera As the World Turns.</p><br>
<p>It was the location of a charity event in the television show Louie, where Jerry Seinfeld and Louis C.K. performed for the event.</p><br>
<p>The castle was the primary filming location of the music video for Taylor Swift&#39;s 2014 song "Blank Space".</p><br>
<p>The castle was also used in the music video "Cookie" by recording artist R. Kelly.</p><br>
<p>The castle was featured on Travel Channels "Mega Mansions" that also streams on Netflix. The premise of the show was to give viewers an "all-access pass inside Americas most enormous, opulent and advanced Mega Mansions."</p><br>
<p>The castle and grounds were featured in Liam Payne and Rita Ora&#39;s "For You" written for the Fifty Shades Freed movie soundtrack.</p><br>
<p>Oheka was used as the setting for the "Mr. Julius Caesar" rematch in the film The Emperor&#39;s Club.</p><br>
<p>The castle was used as the setting for the Real Housewives of New York City Season 12 reunion, the first in-person Real Housewives reunion filmed amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The castle was featured in the music video for Jennifer Lopez and Malumas 2020 song "Pa Ti + Lonely".</p><br>
<p>The castle was featured in a MrBeast video in which the MrBeast crew was tasked to stay in a $1 hotel to a $1,000,000 hotel (the million dollar hotel is Oheka castle).</p><br>
<p>Oheka mansion stood in for a Hungarian castle in the second season of Succession, titled "Hunting," which featured a wild boar hunting and a humiliating game called “Boar on the Floor.”</p><br>
<p>Meadow Brook Hall is a Tudor revival style mansion located at 350 Estate Drive in Rochester Hills, Michigan. It was built between 1926 and 1929 by the heiress to the Dodge automaker fortune, Matilda Dodge Wilson and her second husband, lumber baron, Alfred Wilson. Covering 88,000 ft&sup2; with 110 rooms, the structure is the fourth largest historic mansion museum in the United States, and is classified as one of America&#39;s Castles. In 1957, the mansion and the surrounding property and buildings were donated to the state of Michigan in order to fund Michigan State University–Oakland, now known as Oakland University. The structure was named a National Historic Landmark in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Meadow Brook Farms originally belonged to Matildas first husband, automotive tycoon John F. Dodge. He purchased the property along with the large white farmhouse off Adams Road as a holiday retreat for his family. The mansion is located on a 1,443 acre estate off South Adams Road; Dodge added a nine-hole golf course, some of the holes of which still follow the current Katke-Cousins 18-hole course on the property. Meadow Brook Hall was constructed between 1926 and 1929 by Matilda Dodge Wilson and her second husband, Alfred Wilson at a cost of $4 million. Throughout her lifetime, Matilda resided in the hall for nearly forty years. Some of the familys time was spent vacationing at their summer home in Bar Harbor, Maine and winter home in Scottsdale, Arizona. The hall was also partially closed for a brief time during the depth of the Depression.</p><br>
<p>Covering 88,000 ft&sup2; and with 110 rooms, the mansion is the fourth largest historic house museum in the United States. It was designed by William Kapp of the firm Smith, Hinchman & Grylls in a Tudor-revival style. The building features stonework and a plaster dining room ceiling created by Corrado Parducci. Much of the original artwork collected by the Wilsons is still found at Meadow Brook including paintings by Anthony van Dyck, Rosa Bonheur, Joshua Reynolds, John Constable and Thomas Gainsborough, as well as Tiffany glass, Stickley furniture, Meissen porcelain, and Rookwood pottery. The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and National Historic Landmark in 2012.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, Alfred and Matilda Dodge Wilson donated the 1,500 acre estate to Michigan State University, along with $2 million to create a branch college campus, now known as Oakland University. The Wilsons moved out of Meadow Brook Hall in 1953 into their newly built retirement home, Sunset Terrace nearby, and lived there until Alfreds death in 1962. Mrs. Wilson moved back into Meadow Brook Hall within months of her husbands death, and lived there until her death in 1967.</p><br>
<p>Additional buildings which were also designed by William Kapp on the estate included:</p><br>
<p>Knole Cottage (1926), a six-room miniature playhouse on the Meadow Brook estate.</p><br>
<p>Sunset Terrace, a retirement home for Matilda and Alfred Wilson on Meadow Brook, which in 1963 became the Oakland University president&#39;s home.</p><br>
<h2>Concours d&#39;Elegance</h2><br>
<p>The Meadow Brook Concours d&#39;Elegance was held annually during August on the grounds of Meadow Brook Hall from 1979 until 2010. This week-long event was one of the largest collector car shows in the world, and a social event in the tradition of the first Concours in 1920s Paris which was an exhibition of automotive design, craftsmanship, history and a tool for automobile manufacturers to market products.</p><br>
<p>On July 20, 2010, promoters announced that the Concours dElegance would leave Meadow Brook Hall after that year for the Inn at St. Johns in Plymouth, Michigan. The event is now known at the Concours dElegance of America at St. Johns.</p><br>
<p>Kahanu Garden and Preserve is a botanical garden located on the Hana Highway  near Hana, Maui, Hawaii. It is one of five gardens of the non-profit National Tropical Botanical Garden, the others being McBryde, Allerton, and Limahuli Garden and Preserve on Kauai, and The Kampong in Florida.</p><br>
<p>The garden was established in 1972 on Mauis northern coast, with rugged black lava seascapes, and is surrounded by one of Hawaiis last undisturbed hala (Pandanus tectorius) forests.</p><br>
<p>The gardens ethnobotanical collections focus on plants traditionally used by Pacific Island people. It includes the worlds largest breadfruit collection, first established in the 1970s. Today the garden contains accessions of approximately 150 varieties of breadfruit collected from field expeditions to over 17 Pacific island groups in Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia, as well as Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Seychelles. This collection is used for research and conservation by NTBG&#39;s Breadfruit Institute.</p><br>
<p>Other garden holdings include bamboo, banana, calabash, coconut, kava, kamani (Calophyllum inophyllum), loulu (Pritchardia arecina), sugarcane, taro, turmeric, vanilla, and bitter yam (Dioscorea bulbifera).</p><br>
<p>Kahanu Garden is open to visitors. An admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>Piilanihale Heiau</h2><br>
<p>Kahanu Garden also contains the 3 acre Piilanihale Heiau, a National Historic Landmark believed to be the largest ancient temple in the Hawaiian Islands. It is built from basalt blocks and extends 341 ft by 415 ft, with a high front wall rising 50 ft. The large central terrace with two separate platforms is situated on a broad ridge that adds to its majesty. The side facing the sea rises steeply in five stepped terraces, and the upper rectangular surface of the main platform contains several smaller walled enclosures and pits, all bounded on the rear by a well-built stone wall up to 8 ft high.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the main terrace dates back to the 14th century. Wings were later added and rededicated during the 16th century, possibly after high chief Piʻilani from western Maui conquered the beautiful, fertile, well-watered, and heavily populated Hāna region, thereby unifying the whole island.</p><br>
<p>The King Opera House is a performance hall located on Van Buren, Arkansass Main Street. Since it was built in the late 19th century, the opera houses stage has hosted many plays and performers. The King Opera House is a contributing property to the Van Buren Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Victorian-era structure first opened its doors in 1891. The ground floor was used partly as the Willard Billiard Parlor and the other half was the Wallace Saloon and Restaurant. The second floor was home to the Van Buren Press newspaper. This structure was at the time known as the "Wallace Block". In 1898, the building was purchased by Col. Henry P. King. On February 3rd, 1901, it was announced the building would be transformed into an opera house. Small storefronts remained at the front of the building, but the opera house was soon finished later that same year. The first show to be put on would be "Faust" on October 18th, 1901. The opera house would remain busy, hosting many different types of acts and sermons until 1914.</p><br>
<p>On March 14th, 1914, a fire began in a dry-cleaning storefront. The flames took over the opera house and damaged the entire interior. Despite the damage, vaudeville acts remained booked. On November 11th, 1914, it was announced the opera house would be renovated into a moving picture house. In February 1919, the remodel was finished and the doors opened as the Van Buren Theater. June 3rd, 1919, Joe Huff bought the building. In April 1920, he announced it would undergo another remodel.</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s, the building was renamed to be the Bob Burns Theater after the famous actor and radio star of Van Buren. The front of the building remained a storefront with the top floor being an apartment. In the 1960s, Malco Theaters bought the property, but retained the name as the Bob Burns Theater. It closed in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 it was purchased by the City of Van Buren Community Development Agency and restored to the King Opera House. Many areas of the interior, including structural beams, still retained fire damage. Much of the restoration done during this time can still be seen today. The project took place until 1991.</p><br>
<p>The City of Van Buren operated the building until 2022, when they turned over management to Arts on Main (the arts-centered nonprofit next to the building).</p><br>
<p>The auditorium of the opera house has 218 seats on the ground level, with about 96 seats in the balcony; all seats on the ground floor have an intricate, period-correct design. Built to accommodate large and well-sized performances on its stage, the opera house&#39;s basement, in contrast, has two small dressing rooms and two closets. The basement can be highly cramped in its relatively modest changing area and green room, particularly for productions with large casts.</p><br>
<p>The stage measures 28 feet wide from curtain to curtain, has a depth of 26.5 feet, and a baton height of 20 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Hauntings</h2><br>
<p>The King Opera house has been reported to be haunted by staff and many citizens of Van Buren. The main haunting is that of Charles Tolson. Charles C. Tolson was born on December 25th, 1868 in Mississippi. He was the manager of a stock company and a vaudeville actor. During his time as an actor, he performed at the King Opera House. After one such performance, the daughter of practitioner Dr. William Parchman reportedly went up to Tolson to speak with him about the show. A friend told Parchman his daughter and Tolson were flirting with each other during this conversation. One night while Tolson was waiting for his train at the depot, Dr. Parchman shot him multiple times.</p><br>
<p>There was also a Paranormal Documentary made in 2023 directed by trailblazing film-maker and Arkansas native Gavin Webb. It goes into the history of the Opera house and how it came to be so haunted. Even talking about the days before it was the famous "King Opera House" and shows that a lady in white appears in the men&#39;s restroom asking for her husband then disappears. This film was titled "The King Opera House: A Paranormal Documentary" and can be found on Amazon Prime Video.</p><br>
<p>Anderson Hall is a historic building located in the northeastern section of the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida. The building houses the universitys political science and religion departments, both a part of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Anderson Hall was designed by William Augustus Edwards, responsible for planning nearly all of the campus early buildings, in Collegiate Gothic style. Construction began in 1912, and the building opened in October 1913 as Language Hall.</p><br>
<p>On June 27, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is also a part of the University of Florida Campus Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>In 1949, Anderson Hall was named after James Nesbitt Anderson, the first dean of the University of Florida College of Arts and Sciences and the first dean of the Graduate School at the University of Florida.</p><br>
<p>His family continued the legacy at the University of Florida by attending school throughout the generations.</p><br>
<p>His great-grandson, Joseph Gaa Anderson, attended graduate school there.</p><br>
<p>His great-granddaughter, Erica Anderson Rooney, graduated from the College of Health and Human Performance with her B.S., and her M.S. in 2007 and 2008.</p><br>
<p>Linden Grove Cemetery is located along Holman Street, between 13th and 15th streets in Covington, Kentucky, United States. It is the second public cemetery in Covington, the city&#39;s first public burial ground being Craig Street Cemetery, which dates to 1815. Craig Street Cemetery closed in 1872. Most of the bodies were moved to Linden Grove.</p><br>
<p>Trustees of the nearby Western Baptist Theological Institute which was formed to train Baptist ministers founded the cemetery in 1842, and from the beginning allowed burials without regard to race or religion. The Western Baptist Theological Institute had been formed in 1833 to train Baptist ministers and at one time its grounds covered several hundred acres.</p><br>
<p>Some accounts say burials at Linden Grove began in 1842, but the Licking Valley Register reported on September 9, 1843, that elaborate plans had been proposed for dedicating "this beautiful spot of ground" on September 11. Plans called for music and talks by ministers and groups from Presbyterian, Episcopal and Methodist churches in Covington.</p><br>
<p>The writer described Linden Grove as about "60 acres of high table land, overlooking the city of Cincinnati and situated in the midst of the most quiet and romantic scenery." The newspaper reporter concluded, "A place like this, in the vicinity of Cincinnati, would be thronged with the admirers of nature and art thus happily combined." A later account said a large crowd attended the dedication ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>As early as May 1851, The Covington Journal was cautioning lot owners to get more involved in the operation of the cemetery and warned that indifference was sure to lead to problems. Another Covington Journal account on May 1, 1858, noted that since its opening, Linden Grove had had more than 2,000 burials. Especially heavy years were 1850 and 1851, when cholera swept through the area. Those years there were more than 260 burials, compared to 160 in most other years.</p><br>
<p>Vandalism had become enough of a problem by 1859 that newspaper advertisements were run in the Covington Journal warning of fines of $5 to $50 for damaging grave sites. By 1868, Covington Journal accounts said another public burial site might soon be needed for Covington. The December 26 story said the Craig Street site had been full for several years and Linden Grove was quickly filling up. Highland Cemetery in Fort Mitchell would later be dedicated on June 26, 1869, to handle those needs.</p><br>
<p>Alben Barkley, the former Vice President and USA senator, was the guest speaker at the 1953 Memorial Day ceremonies at Linden Grove. The Norman-Barnes Post of the American Legion served as Barkley&#39;s escort during the ceremonies. That Covington post later sponsored placement of a marker dedicated to Civil War veterans buried at Linden Grove.</p><br>
<p>Among those moved to Linden Grove was Thomas Kennedy, one of the founders of Covington. The cemetery&#39;s residents also include three former Northern Kentucky congressmen, including John G. Carlisle, namesake of an elementary school in Covington; William Wright Southgate; John W. Menzies; and William Evans Arthur.</p><br>
<p>Linden Grove is the resting place of many Civil War veterans, including eighteen in colored units of the United States Army. Union and Confederate soldiers are buried facing each other in uniform rows. Two monuments to the war, the Veteran&#39;s Monument in Covington and the GAR Monument in Covington, are inside the cemetery, and like the cemetery, are on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has been in receivership for half a century, with the city and Kenton County charged with overseeing it.</p><br>
<p>On September 8, 2006, the Kentucky Governor&#39;s Office of Local Development announced a grant of $23,863.00, to be combined with $44,000.00 from the City of Covington, $22,000.00 from the Kenton County Fiscal Court and $5,500.00 from the Cemetery. These monies will be used for new fencing on West 13th Street and Linden Avenue.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, $25,000 from the Cemetery Preservation Fund and $85,000 in local money was used to replace fencing along Kavanaugh Street.</p><br>
<p>Pennellville Historic District is a residential district located in Brunswick, Maine. To locals, the neighborhood is known simply as "Pennellville."</p><br>
<p>There are several historic ship captains&#39; houses in the District; much of the real estate is waterfront property.</p><br>
<p>The area&#39;s historic significance centers on the shipbuilding company and shipyard, Pennell Brothers, on Middle Bay Cove. Pennell Brothers built wooden ships for the 18th and 19th century shipping trade. About 90 tall ships were produced at the yard.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and government</h2><br>
<h3>Geography</h3><br>
<p>Pennellville is located in the southern portion of Brunswick, Maine, on the Atlantic Ocean. It sits on Middle Bay Cove. The greater bay where it sits is known as Middle Bay, which is a part of the still larger Casco Bay. No official boundaries of Pennellville have been designated.</p><br>
<h3>Local government</h3><br>
<p>Pennellville is part of the town of Brunswick, Maine; it has no government of its own. Residents use Brunswicks post office, police department, fire and rescue departments, library, and public school system. Residents of Pennellville are subject to Brunswicks towns and Maine states taxation systems.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Native Americans</h3><br>
<p>Before the arrival of white settlers, Pennellville and Brunswick were inhabited by Native Americans. The greater area was known as "Pejepscot", it encompassed the modern-day town of Brunswick and other nearby towns. Native Americans left the area by the year 1725.</p><br>
<h3>European settlers</h3><br>
<p>Pennellville was settled by Thomas Pennell, who moved to Brunswick from Falmouth before 1765. Contrary to what appears in some sources, Thomas Pennell was not the son of Thomas Pennell of Gloucester, Massachusetts, nor is there any reliable evidence that he came from the Channel Islands. Thomas Pennell&#39;s history before his 1735 marriage to Rachel Riggs is unknown. Thomas had five sons (four of them being John, Thomas, Matthew and Stephen). His second son was Thomas Pennell II (1739–1812), who, about 1768, married Alice Anderson of Freeport, Maine. Thomas II lived in the Brunswick area, becoming a tax collector and was a shipwright in the 1790s. Thomas II and Alice had five sons and five daughters. Thomas II taught the sons the shipbuilding trade. Together, they expanded their shipbuilding activities and merchant shipping business in the period around 1800.</p><br>
<p>The fifth child and second son of Thomas II was Jacob Pennell, (1778–1841). He was the most prosperous of the five sons, and built at least twenty ships in Middle Bay (the larger bay upon which Pennellville sits) between 1810 and 1841. He acquired most of the land at Pennellville (land originally owned by his father) by buying the lots that had been divided amongst his brothers. He then built a house with his new-found wealth. At the beginning of the 21st century, his house, the Jacob Pennell Mansion, is the oldest standing house in Pennellville.</p><br>
<h3>Pennellville today</h3><br>
<p>Housing development has been relatively sparse, and much of Pennellville remains has wooded areas and open fields. However, the area has become somewhat more developed since the 1980s. Because of its historical significance, Pennellville was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Evidence of the shipyard exists. The ways (the wooden rails a ship was launched down) can still be seen sitting in the bay at Pennellville Point at low tide.</p><br>
<h2>Shipbuilding</h2><br>
<p>The earliest records show that the Pennell family was building wooden cargo ships around 1768 in the Pennellville shipyard. Pennell ships carried all sorts of cargoes; among them were timber, deadstock, wine, guano, salt, and fruit. Often people were passengers from for a fee. It is noted, however, that the company was not involved in the American slave trade. The Pennell family were part of a shipbuilding boom. Over the next 114 years (1760–1874), the Pennell family built more than ninety ships in Pennellville. Sometimes the family retained ownership of the ships. In other instances the family sold them. Family members were captains of several of the ships they built.</p><br>
<p>With the wealth acquired from the successful shipbuilding business, more houses began to follow. Jacob had several sons and, around this time, they christened the company "Pennell Brothers." The area where the business was located soon became known as "Pennellville."</p><br>
<p>Pennellville was soon considered a community; three roads in the area would bear the Pennell name: Pennellville Road, Old Pennellville Road, and Pennell Way. The area had its own schoolhouse and signs designating the area as separate from Brunswick. In all, the Pennells built seven houses in the area between 1768 and 1877.</p><br>
<h3>Pennell Brothers Shipbuilding Company</h3><br>
<p>The business operated out of the shipyard located in Pennellville. The site of the yard, including the "ways" from which a ship was launched, was located in the Pennellville bay (known as Middle Bay Cove). The shipyard was moved to three locations in the bay during the operation of the company. The first site was located deep inland, farthest away from the entrance to the ocean. The yard was moved twice locating successively closer to the ocean with each move.</p><br>
<h3>Ships</h3><br>
<p>The ships the Pennells built are generally referred to as "tall ships." However, they built many different types of tall ships, more specifically classified as barques, schooners, sloops, and brigs. The largest ships weighed over 2,800,000 lbs. (1,400 tons), while the smallest weighed as little as 90,000 lbs. (45 tons). The Benjamin Sewall, the largest built by the Pennells, weighed 2,866,000 lbs. (1,433 tons). Completed in 1874, it would also prove to be the last ship the Pennells built. In 1903, it sank and was lost off Taiwan (known at the time as Formosa).</p><br>
<h3>Demise of the shipyard</h3><br>
<p>By the end of the 19th century, metal-hulled steamships had replaced wooden ships as a means of transporting goods. Railroads had also come into their for shipping. By the end of the 19th century, it was faster and safer to ship cargoes by railroad from New York City to San Francisco than to sail around Cape Horn. Wooden sailing ships were becoming obsolete.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, James Pennell (the master builder of the Pennell Brothers company) died as a result of an accident in the shipyard. He was 56 years old. As James was the last master-builder of the Pennell family, his death was a major blow to the workings of the yard. By the early 20th century, the shipyard had gone out of business.</p><br>
<h2>Historic homes</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Pennell II House (1720–1770), son of Thomas Pennell. 35 Pennellville Road. No longer standing. Pennells lived in the current circa-1785 building until 1870. Bowdoin College purchased the property in 1968, after its period as the Coleman Research Farm. It was later sold to be a private residence</p><br>
<p>Jacob Pennell House (1778–1841), son of Thomas Pennell III. 149 Pennellville Road. Built 1794; expanded 1806. Federal style residence, one-and-one-half stories high with clapboard siding and gable roof</p><br>
<p>Benjamin D. Pennell House (1804–1861), son of Jacob Pennell. 287 Pennellville Road. Built 1834. Greek Revival style residence, two stories with clapboard siding and gable roof. Recessed porch with classical columns on east wing. One story service wing extends from east side with one-and-one-half story barn built in 1876. Adjacent to the house is a carpenter shop, built circa 1850. It is a one and a half story structure with gable roof and clapboard siding. Across the east facade is a veranda with Italianate style brackets. Around 1900 it became a popular summer boarding house, Bay View Farm. From 2000 through 2022 it was Middle Bay Farm Bed & Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>James Pennell House (1809–1865), son of Jacob Pennell. 257 Pennellville Road. Built 1838. Greek Revival style residence, two stories with clapboard siding, gable roof and hexagonal cupola. One story porch with classical columns on south side of main structure, attached carriage barn on west end. The façade of the house has been remodeled; the nine windows are now evenly spaced on the second floor. The cupola has also been given a new aluminum top, a material also now used on the roof</p><br>
<p>Charles S. Pennell House (1815–1900), son of Jacob Pennell. 292 Pennellville Road. Built 1843. Greek Revival style residence, two stories with gable roof, clapboard siding, classical entrance on east facade, one story porch on south side. Large two-and- one-half story barn with clapboard siding, gable roof and Italianate style cupola to rear (west) of the house. Charles was the treasurer of Pennell Bros. Helen Keller with Anne Sullivan and John Macy lived here.</p><br>
<p>William Pennell House (1781–1832), son of Thomas Pennell III. 258 Pennellville Road. The original building was erected in 1780. It was enlarged and remodeled in 1862. Greek Revival style residence, two stories, clapboard siding, hipped roof, small one story classical portico over east entrance, adjoining two-and-one-half story carriage barn. Jacob II (1807–1882, son of Jacob Pennell) lived here during the days of the Pennell Bros. shipyard. Pennells lived here until the 1900s</p><br>
<p>Job Pennell House (1812–1868), son of Jacob Pennell. Built circa 1860. Greek Revival style, two story residence with vinyl siding, gable roof, one-and-one-half story ell and carriage barn</p><br>
<h2>Captain Abby and Captain John</h2><br>
<p>A notable relative of the Pennell family was Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Robert P. T. Coffin (1892–1955). Coffin was the brother of Alice Pennell, and lived in the Jacob Pennell II Mansion (formerly the home of William Pennell). Robert Coffin wrote the critically acclaimed novel Captain Abby and Captain John (1939), a novel about two Pennell ship captains.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Holy Family is a cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. It is the mother church of the Diocese of Tulsa and is the seat of the bishop. It is located at 810 South Boulder Avenue in the city of Tulsa in the state of Oklahoma. The parish chose architect J.P. Curtin of the Tulsa firm Curtin, Winkler, and Macdonald to design the church. Curtin was chosen over architect William P. Ginther of Akron, Ohio, who built many Roman Catholic churches throughout the Midwest. Ginther designed an alternate plan for the church trustees who had concerns about Curtins design. All that remains of Ginthers work is a set of blueprints.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the current structure began May 23, 1912 and Mass dedicating the church was on April 1, 1914. It was the tallest building in Tulsa until the Mayo Hotel was built in 1923. The cathedral is also the site of the Holy Family Cathedral School, an educational institution for students from pre-school to twelfth grade.</p><br>
<p>The Diocese of Tulsa was established in 1973. Buildings at this site were listed on the National Register of Historic Places February 11, 1982. The NRIS number is 82003704.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Holy Family Church</h3><br>
<p>About 1890, the Rev. Wm Ketcham, the Roman Catholic pastor of Muskogee (then part of Indian Territory), visited Tulsa from time to time to say Mass in a private residence. He and his superior, Bishop Theophile Meerschaert, then vicar apostolic of Oklahoma, obtained permission from the Creek Indian tribal chief to build a church. However, no building was constructed until several years later.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in November 1897, the Rev. Charles Van Hulse visited Tulsa (then also part of Indian Territory) once a month to hold Roman Catholic church services in a private residence. At the start of 1899, a subscription drive raised pledges of $1,400 for the purpose of building a church. A contract was let in May, 1899 and the building was dedicated on September 10, 1899.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Theophilius Van Hulse succeeded his brother in November 1900, and remained in Tulsa until 1906 when he was succeeded by the Rev. John G. Heiring, who oversaw plans to expand the church facilities. This included expanding the rectory and the school.</p><br>
<h3>Holy Family Cathedral</h3><br>
<p>By 1910, the church had outgrown its original capacity. Father Heiring turned his attention to building a new complex at the intersection of Eighth and Boulder, the present location. Construction of the sanctuary was completed in only two years with construction of the rectory beginning five years later, in 1919.</p><br>
<h3>Holy Family School</h3><br>
<p>The history of Holy Family School is intertwined with that of the church. Tulsa Catholics petitioned Bishop Meerschaert to establish a Catholic school in Tulsa. In 1899, Mother Katharine Drexel (later canonized), an heiress to the Drexel banking family of Philadelphia, responded to the request by providing funds to construct St. Theresa&#39;s Institute for Creek Indian Girls. Mother Katharine intended the school to benefit Indian and African American children of the Oklahoma and Indian Territories but she allowed children of all races. The initial loan was repaid by 1902 and the school was renamed Holy Family School, adopting the same patrons as the church.</p><br>
<p>Three Sisters of Mount Carmel came from New Orleans to teach at the new school. They were replaced in 1902 by Sisters of Divine Providence from San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>In January 2020, Holy Family Cathedral School transitioned to a classical Catholic school.</p><br>
